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E-mail"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41iBDb6TfhL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=150 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Amazon Gift Card - E-mail</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B004LLIKVU/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs1/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">35,004<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a1" style=float:left;width:33.1%><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B009SP8X02/ref=s9_pop_gw_g107_i2/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="LG Venice (Boost Mobile)"><div 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url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41qBpmGJCTL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=150 height=103 style=margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:23px></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Panasonic ES-LT71-S Arc 3 Mens...</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B005DKKBUG/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs6/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">277<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="newListprice gry t11">$199.99</span> <span class="s9Price red t14">$69.99</span></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a6" style=float:left;width:33.1%;display:none><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B00C8CQTJY/ref=s9_pop_gw_g74_i7/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Game of Thrones: The Complete Third Season (Blu-ray/DVD Combo + Digital Copy)"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41%2BehcBtu3L._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=120 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Game of Thrones: The Complete Third...</span></a><div class=t11>Various</div><div class="gry t11 nt">Blu-ray</div><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B00C8CQTJY/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs7/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">75<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="newListprice gry t11">$79.98</span> <span class="s9Price red 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noLinkDecoration" title="The Hunger Games [HD]"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class="imageContainer s9AivPopover" id=B008Y7N7JW><img src=http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/517JSuYYLpL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=103 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>The Hunger Games [HD]</span></a><br clear=none><div class="gry t11 nt">Amazon Instant Video</div><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B008Y7N7JW/ref=s9_nwrsa_gw_rs4/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-4&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=1263340922&pf_rd_i=507846">8,990<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a4" style=float:left;width:33.1%;display:none><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a 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container=document.createElement("DIV");container.id="ap_container",document.body.childNodes.length?document.body.insertBefore(container,document.body.childNodes[0]):document.body.appendChild(container);</script><script>amznJQ.addLogical("navbarCSSUS-beacon",[]),amznJQ.addLogical("popover",[]),amznJQ.addLogical("search-js-autocomplete",[]),amznJQ.addLogical("navbarJS-beacon",["http://z-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/browser-scripts/navbarJS-beacon/navbarJS-beacon-min-1152869289._V1_.js"]),amznJQ.addLogical("amazonShoveler",["http://z-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/browser-scripts/amazonShoveler/amazonShoveler-1466453065._V1_.js"]),amznJQ.addLogical("websiteGridCSS",[]),amznJQ.addLogical("p13nlogger",["http://z-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/browser-scripts/p13nlogger/p13nlogger-4183191923._V1_.js"]);</script><div class=amabot_center id=centercol><link rel=stylesheet href=http://z-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/s9-campaigns/s9-widget._V366729849_.css><div class="unified_widget rcm widget small_heading s9Widget" id=ns_1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM_4580_Widget><script>if(window.S9Includes=window.S9Includes||{},!window.S9Includes.S9Multipack&&!window.S9Multipack){var scriptElem=document.createElement("script");scriptElem.src="http://z-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/s9-campaigns/s9-multipack-min._V366882549_.js",document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(scriptElem)}window.S9Includes.S9Multipack=!0;</script><h2>What Other Customers Are Looking At Right Now</h2><div class="row s9m3" id=ns_1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM_4580_ItemRow><div class=s9OtherItems style=float:left;width:100%><div class="fluid asin s9a0" style=float:left;width:33.1%><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B004LLIKVU/ref=s9_pop_gw_g228_i1/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Amazon Gift Card - E-mail"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41iBDb6TfhL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=150 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Amazon Gift Card - E-mail</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B004LLIKVU/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs1/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">35,004<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a1" style=float:left;width:33.1%><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B009SP8X02/ref=s9_pop_gw_g107_i2/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="LG Venice (Boost Mobile)"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41j6d7vyugL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=88 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>LG Venice (Boost Mobile)</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B009SP8X02/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs2/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">339<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="newListprice gry t11">$179.99</span> <span class="s9Price red t14">$99.99</span></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a2" style=float:left;width:33.1%><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B00CU0NSCU/ref=s9_pop_gw_g424_i3/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Kindle Fire HD 7", HD Display, Wi-Fi, 8 GB - Includes Special Offers"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51hpwfKKcSL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=150 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Kindle Fire HD 7", HD Display, Wi-Fi...</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B00CU0NSCU/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs3/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">9,093<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="s9Price red t14">$139.00</span></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a3" style=float:left;width:33.1%;display:none><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B00BHJRYYS/ref=s9_pop_gw_g424_i4/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Kindle Fire HDX 8.9", HDX Display, Wi-Fi, 16 GB - Includes Special Offers"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51UWFjHzSIL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=150 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Kindle Fire HDX 8.9", HDX Display...</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B00BHJRYYS/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs4/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">3,456<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="s9Price red t14">$379.00</span></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a4" style=float:left;width:33.1%;display:none><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B00G5G7K7O/ref=s9_pop_gw_g74_i5/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Frozen (Two-Disc Blu-ray / DVD + Digital Copy)"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/612EOrBcl7L._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=119 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Frozen</span></a><div class=t11>Kristen Bell, Josh Gad, Idina Menzel, ...</div><div class="gry t11 nt">Blu-ray</div><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B00G5G7K7O/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs5/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">263<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="newListprice gry t11">$44.99</span> <span class="s9Price red t14">$22.96</span></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a5" style=float:left;width:33.1%;display:none><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B005DKKBUG/ref=s9_pop_gw_g364_i6/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Panasonic ES-LT71-S Arc 3 Mens Electric Shaver with Cleaning System"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41qBpmGJCTL._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=150 height=103 style=margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:23px></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Panasonic ES-LT71-S Arc 3 Mens...</span></a><br clear=none><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B005DKKBUG/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs6/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">277<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="newListprice gry t11">$199.99</span> <span class="s9Price red t14">$69.99</span></div></div></div><div class="fluid asin s9a6" style=float:left;width:33.1%;display:none><div class=inner><div class=s9hl style=position:relative><a href="/gp/product/B00C8CQTJY/ref=s9_pop_gw_g74_i7/190-8060928-9449158?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846" class="title ntTitle noLinkDecoration" title="Game of Thrones: The Complete Third Season (Blu-ray/DVD Combo + Digital Copy)"><div class=s9ImageWrapper><div class=imageContainer><img src=http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/x-locale/common/transparent-pixel._V192234675_.gif url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41%2BehcBtu3L._SL150_.jpg alt="" width=120 height=150></div></div><span class=s9TitleText>Game of Thrones: The Complete Third...</span></a><div class=t11>Various</div><div class="gry t11 nt">Blu-ray</div><div class=s9CustomerReviews><span>(<a class=noLinkDecoration href="/gp/product-reviews/B00C8CQTJY/ref=s9_pop_gw_rs7/190-8060928-9449158?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=1JB0XEJM9FAPR9S9JGSM&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=490157971&pf_rd_i=507846">75<span class=s9Long>customer reviews</span></a>)</span></div><span class="newListprice gry t11">$79.98</span> <span class="s9Price red 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County Police/AP)"></a><a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/crime-justice/women-indicted-in-maryland-exorcism-deaths>Women indicted in exorcism deaths</a></li><li style=width:206px class=last><a class=gt1-43001 href=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/vet-who-says-he-was-kissing-sailor-famous-photo-dies-n52876><img src=http://col.stb01.s-msn.com/i/21/A0C1BA2958A0FBE823315CB38D56B3.jpg title="Image: Glenn McDuffie (© Pat Sullivan/AP)" width=206 height=144 alt="Image: Glenn McDuffie (© Pat Sullivan/AP)"></a><a class=gt1-43001 href=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/vet-who-says-he-was-kissing-sailor-famous-photo-dies-n52876>'Kissing sailor' in classic pic dies</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ro m3"><div class="ce ce1 cel w8"><div id=todays_picks class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m7 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"EditorsPicks"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>EDITORS' PICKS</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class="hcpep3 cf"><ul><li><a 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href=http://wonderwall.msn.com/music/jamie-lynn-spears-fiance-jamie-watson-get-marriage-license-will-marry-in-march-2014-1802514.story>Jamie Lynn is getting married</a></li><li><a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/us/passengers-from-crippled-pa-plane-arrive-in-fla>Plane crippled in Philly takeoff</a></li><li><a class=gt1-32235 href="http://living.msn.com/family-parenting/mom-to-mom/slideshow?cp-documentid=253386864">20 things moms should know</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="ro m3"><div class="ce ce1 w33" id=cell1><div id=news class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"News"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://news.msn.com/"><span>NEWS</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/kerry-we-wont-recognize-crimea-vote-n52966?ocid=msnhp&pos=1"><img src=http://col.stb01.s-msn.com/i/9C/91A588FA2C5BB4805F3B97A6DD1646.jpg width=192 height=100 alt="Image: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (©EPA)" class=landscape title="Image: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (©EPA)"></a></div><div class=linkabs><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/kerry-we-wont-recognize-crimea-vote-n52966?ocid=msnhp&pos=1">Kerry: We won't recognize Crimea vote</a></div></div></div><ul><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/russias-lavrov-no-common-vision-u-s-ukraine-n52896?ocid=msnhp&pos=2">No 'common vision' on Ukraine</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/news/video/college-cancels-controversial-diversity-event-n52721?ocid=msnhp&pos=3">Video: Diversity event nixed</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/pistorius-trial/photo-bare-chested-pistorius-crime-scene-shown-trial-n52546?ocid=msnhp&pos=4">Bare-chested Pistorius shown</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/scott-brown-poised-help-gop-expand-senate-fight-n52651?ocid=msnhp&pos=5">Scott Brown to help GOP</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/nbc-news/jet-q-a-every-scenario-is-far-fetched-195221571646?ocid=msnhp&pos=6">Video: No hard facts on jet</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.today.com/food/happy-pi-day-mix-little-st-patricks-day-fun-your-2D79374850?ocid=msnhp&pos=7">How to celebrate Pi Day</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ce ce2 w33" id=cell2><div id=sports class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Sports"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://msn.foxsports.com/"><span>SPORTS</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/college-basketball/story/bubble-watch-stanford-soars-but-big-east-tourney-leaves-some-upset-031414></a></div><div class=linkabs><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/college-basketball/story/bubble-watch-stanford-soars-but-big-east-tourney-leaves-some-upset-031414>Bubble Watch: Some soar, others just upset</a></div></div></div><ul><li class=ter><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/college-football/story/josh-booty-s-advice-to-jameis-winston-keep-playing-baseball-031414>2-sport star's Winston advice</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/video-danica-patrick-crashes-early-in-first-bristol-practice-031414>Danica crash at Bristol practice</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/revis-island-now-on-the-map-in-new-england-literally-031414>'Revis Island' now a reality?</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/college-basketball/story/follow-college-hoops-scores-031414>Follow: College hoops scores</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/southwest/story/demarcus-ware-disappointed-jerry-jones-made-his-business-public-031314>Ware unhappy with Jerry Jones</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/who-remains-after-third-day-of-nfl-free-agency-031314>NFL free agency: The best left</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ce ce3 cel w33" id=cell3><div id=entertainment_hops class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Celebs"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://entertainment.msn.com/"><span>ENTERTAINMENT</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href="http://wonderwall.msn.com/movies/week-in-photos-for-march-14-2014-28449.gallery?gt1=28135"></a></div><div class=linkabs><a class=gt1-28135 href=http://wonderwall.msn.com/movies/week-in-photos-for-march-14-2014-28449.gallery>Alessandra wears bikini at bash & more pics</a></div></div></div><ul><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28102 href="http://music.msn.com/music/article.aspx?news=857072">Singer gets murder verdict</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28135 href=http://wonderwall.msn.com/tv/jessica-simpson-eric-johnson-move-wedding-no-longer-getting-married-in-italy-1802445.story>Simpson moves her wedding</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28101 href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=857035">Piers Morgan reveals new gig</a></li><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-42008 href="http://tv.msn.com/video/tv/?g=39cd100d-518f-4ce2-b1b1-2c51f2e25fc4&from=en-us_msnhp">Pups & kitties parody first kiss</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28101 href=http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-critic-reviews/veronica-mars>Review: 'Mars' is smart & sexy</a></li><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-28135 href="http://wonderwall.msn.com/movies/fashion-offenders-for-march-14-2014-3505.video?from=en-us_msnhp">This week's fashion offenders</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ro m3"><div class="ce ce1 cel w8"><div id=stk class="co5b9 co coa2 coc1 m7 mstk1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"MarketUpdate"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>MARKET UPDATE</span></h2><div id=quote class="br br1"><div class=indices1><div class=sitime>Updated: 03/14/2014 02:24 ET</div><table summary="Market Update"><caption>Market Update</caption><thead><tr><th abbr=Symbol id=siindex>Symbol<th abbr=Last id=silast>Last<th abbr=Change id=sichange>Change<tbody><tr class=first><td class=siidx headers=siindex><a href="http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-price?Symbol=$INDU">DOW</a><td class=silast headers=silast>16,083.59<td headers=sichange class=neg>-25.30<tr><td class=siidx headers=siindex><a href="http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-price?Symbol=$COMPX">NASDAQ</a><td class=silast headers=silast>4,249.55<td headers=sichange class=neg>-10.87<tr class=last><td class=siidx headers=siindex><a href="http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-price?Symbol=$INX">S&P</a><td class=silast headers=silast>1,842.96<td headers=sichange class=neg>-3.38</table></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"StockIndices"} class=trak></div><div id=linklist class="br br2"><ul class=linklist16><li class=first><a href="http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?feed=OBR&date=20140314&id=17397149">Stocks drift amid Ukraine tension</a></li><li><a href=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post--worry-about-china-not-ukraine>Worry about China, not Ukraine</a></li><li class=last><a href=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post--6-reasons-its-an-unfriendly-world-for-stocks>It's an unfriendly world for stocks</a></li></ul><input type=hidden value={"taop":"MarketLinks"} class=trak></div><br class=b3><div class="br br3"><form action=http://moneycentral.msn.com/detail/stock_quote class="simple8 cf"><p>legend</p><div><label for=idlblsearch>Get a quote (e.g., INDU)</label><div><input id=idlblsearch class=text name=symbol size=25 maxlength=255 value="$INDU&ocid=en-us_msnhporgbtn"><input type=image class=image alt="" style=height:22px;width:22px src=http://col.stb00.s-msn.com/i/E2/37BA92E210D341BFDBF4126422A3D2.gif></div></div></form><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Search"} class=trak></div><br class=b4><div class="br br4 rstkq1"><div id=recentstk class=rstockq1><script>Msn.async({dep:[{url:Msn.Page.frameworkUrl},"$"],cb:function(){$("#recentstk").data("rstockq",{itemList:"",label:"Recent:",maxQuotes:3})},p:window});</script></div></div><div class="ro m3"><div class="ce ce1 w33" id=cell4><div id=money_hops class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Money"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://money.msn.com/"><span>MONEY</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post--the-us-is-losing-the-new-cold-war></a></div><div class=linkabs><a href=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post--the-us-is-losing-the-new-cold-war>Cramer: US is losing the new cold war</a></div></div></div><ul><li class=ter><a href="http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?feed=AP&date=20140314&id=17436399">Sam Adams pulls out of parade</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?feed=AP&date=20140314&id=17436832">Quiznos files for bankruptcy</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://money.msn.com/retirement/retired-how-to-avoid-running-out-of-money>Retirement: Keep your cash</a></li><li class=ter><a href=http://money.msn.com/tax-planning/can-new-jersey-hold-onto-its-rich-taxpayers>Rich taxpayers fleeing NJ</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://money.msn.com/health-and-life-insurance/article.aspx?post=ed294b6c-453b-406a-9231-933dd6ac14b7">Cash prizes for Obamacare?</a></li><li class="ter media"><a href="http://money.msn.com/money-video?videoid=c5ec637e-8b7f-e534-b881-2576d88fca38&from=en-us_msnhp">World's 'greatest sports car'</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ce ce2 w33" id=cell5><div id=lifestyle_hops class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Lifestyle"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://living.msn.com/"><span>LIVING</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href="http://living.msn.com/style-beauty/makeup-skin-care-hair-tips/10-quick-hairstyles-for-second-day-hair?gt1=32162"></a></div><div class=linkabs><a class=gt1-32162 href=http://living.msn.com/style-beauty/makeup-skin-care-hair-tips/10-quick-hairstyles-for-second-day-hair>10 chic hairstyles for second-day hair</a></div></div></div><ul><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32235 href="http://living.msn.com/family-parenting/mom-to-mom/article?cp-documentid=259399467">Why you should stop yelling</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32164 href=http://living.msn.com/home-decor/diy-decorating/around-the-block-12-upcycled-kitchen-islands>12 upcycled kitchen islands</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32164 href=http://living.msn.com/home-decor/interior-design/what-to-do-with-a-blank-wall-in-any-room-1>What to do with a blank wall</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32235 href="http://living.msn.com/family-parenting/mom-to-mom/article?cp-documentid=259103780">Breast vs. bottle thoughts</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32162 href=http://living.msn.com/style-beauty/fashion/seven-ways-to-wear-your-spring-wardrobe-right-now>Wear your spring clothing now</a></li><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-42010 href="http://msnvideo.msn.com/?videoID=139dbe00-10b0-486c-a52b-917ac14419be&channelindex=3&from=en-us_msnhp">How to reupholster a cushion</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ce ce3 cel w33" id=cell6><div id=autos_hops class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Autos"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://home.autos.msn.com/"><span>AUTOS</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href="http://editorial.autos.msn.com/2014-geneva-motor-show-top-performance-cars?icid=autos_5345&GT1=22056"></a></div><div class=linkabs><a class=gt1-22056 href="http://editorial.autos.msn.com/2014-geneva-motor-show-top-performance-cars?icid=autos_5345">Top performance cars from Geneva show</a></div></div></div><ul><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-22017 href="http://editorial.autos.msn.com/media/video/default.aspx?videoid=afa58b48-c201-7252-0dd6-adaaef4fcfeb&icid=autos_5408">'14 Jeep Cherokee: First look</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22004 href="http://autos.msn.com/research/compare/default.aspx?c=0&i=0&tb=0&ph1=t0&ph2=t0&dt=0&v=t117589&v=t117772&v=t119567&icid=autos_5079">3 affordable SUV icons</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22005 href="http://autos.msn.com/research/compare/default.aspx?c=0&i=0&tb=0&ph1=t0&ph2=t0&dt=0&v=t118263&v=t119149&v=t120037&icid=autos_5312">Heavy-duty trucks under $35K</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22001 href="http://autos.msn.com/research/compare/default.aspx?c=0&i=0&tb=0&ph1=t0&ph2=t0&dt=0&v=t118268&v=t117952&v=t119015&v=t116176&icid=autos_5299">Sporty Euro luxury under $35K</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22002 href="http://autos.msn.com/research/compare/default.aspx?c=0&i=0&tb=0&ph1=t0&ph2=t0&dt=0&v=t118936&v=t117660&v=t119933&icid=autos_5070">3 sporty compacts at 35+ mpg</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://home.autos.msn.com/?icid=autos_tab">Car news, reviews & research</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class=ro><div class="ce ce1 w4"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalTabs"} class=trak><div id=weather class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 en-us1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"YourWeather"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>YOUR WEATHER</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class=weather1><h3 class="h3 cf"><a href="http://local.msn.com/?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Light Street, PA</a><span class=loctog1><a class="mapit opennew" href="http://www.bing.com/maps/?where1=Light Street, PA&FORM=MSNHPM">Get Directions</a></span></h3><div class="weaheading cf"><h4><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Local Weather</a></h4><ul class=degreetype><li class="fahrenheit selected"><a title=Fahrenheit href=#>°F</a></li><li class=celsius><a title=Celsius href=#>°C</a></li></ul></div><div class="forecast cf"><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815"><img src=http://wst.s-msn.com/i/en-us/law/34.gif height=45 width=55 alt="Mostly Sunny" title="Mostly Sunny"></a><div class=data><div class=today><ul><li class=first><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Friday</a></li><li class=last><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815"><span class=high>High 49°</span>/ <span class=low>Low 36°</span></a></li></ul></div><div class=temp><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">49°</a></div><div class=conditions><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Mostly Sunny</a></div><ul class=forecasts><li class=first><a href="http://local.msn.com/hourly.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Hourly</a></li><li><a href="http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815#fivedayforecast">5-day</a></li><li class=last><a href="http://local.msn.com/ten-day.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">10-day</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="cogr cotb cogrsx"><div id=local class=cof><div class="co5b9 co coa2 coc1 m3 local1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"MyCities"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>LOCAL</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class=weather1><h3 class="h3 cf"><a href="http://local.msn.com/?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Light Street, PA</a><span class=loctog1><a 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href="http://www.lewistownsentinel.com/page/content.detail/id/545223/Rules-established-for-public-to-make-comments-during-Mifflin-County-Commissioners-meetings.html?nav=5010">Rules established for public to make comments during Mifflin County Commissioners meetings</a></li></ul></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalNews"} class=trak></div><br class=b3><div class="br br3"><div class=locsports1><h3 class="h3 cf">Local Sports</h3><div><ul><li class=first><a href=http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/msn/the_importance_of_rotation_depth_for_the_phillies/16007464>The Importance of Rotation Depth for the ...</a></li><li><a href=http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/msn/philadelphia_phillies_jimmy_rollins_a_distraction_again/16003228>Philadelphia Phillies: Jimmy Rollins a ...</a></li><li class=last><a href=http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/msn/jimmy_rollins_wonders_why_he_was_benched/16000159>Jimmy Rollins wonders why he was benched</a></li></ul></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalSports"} class=trak></div><br class=b4><div class="br br4"><div class=locevents1><h3 class="h3 cf">Local Events</h3><div><ul><li class=first><a href="http://www.bing.com/events/search?q=events near 17815&p1=[Events+source="vertical"+qzeventid="z341074503"]&form=MSNLAP">Jay Swanson - Bloomsburg Fair</a></li><li><a href="http://www.bing.com/events/search?q=events near 17815&p1=[Events+source="vertical"+qzeventid="z369813867"]&form=MSNLAP">Love Is Blooming - The Art of Marriage</a></li><li class=last><a href="http://www.bing.com/events/search?q=events near 17815&p1=[Events+source="vertical"+qzeventid="z369552459"]&form=MSNLAP">Maple Fest</a></li></ul></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalEvents"} class=trak></div><div class="br br5 brl"><div class="lmlsf1 cf"><div class=findmore><div><strong>Find:</strong></div><div><ul class="linklist9 cf"><li class=first><a href="http://autos.msn.com/everyday/gasstations.aspx?icid=sn8">Gas Prices</a></li><li><a href=http://realestate.msn.com/Tools.aspx>Homes</a></li><li class=last><a href="http://circulars.living.msn.com/?locale=en&p=msnus&utm_campaign=msnus&utm_source=hp&utm_medium=localtab&utm_term=footerlink">Circulars</a></li></ul></div></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalFindMore"} class=trak></div><div id=movies><div class="co3b4 co coa2 coc1 m3 en-us1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Movies"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>MOVIES</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class=weather1><h3 class="h3 cf"><a href="http://local.msn.com/events/movies.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Light Street, PA</a><span class=loctog1><a class="mapit opennew" href="http://www.bing.com/maps/?where1=Light Street, PA&FORM=MSNHPM">Get Directions</a></span></h3></div></div><div class="br br2"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><ul><li class="sec last"><div style=float:left;width:128px><a href="http://movies.msn.com/tv-to-movies/photo-gallery/"></a></div><div style=margin-left:128px;padding-left:10px><a href="http://movies.msn.com/tv-to-movies/photo-gallery/"><strong>From the small screen to the big screen</strong></a><div class=richtext><p>As 'Veronica Mars' opens, see other TV shows made into films.</p></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="br br3 brl"><div class="localmovielist1 cf"><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>Nearby theaters</span></h2><ul><li class=first><div class=thrdetails><h3>Digiplex Cinema Center - Bloomsburg</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Bloomsburg&strt1=1879+New+Berwick+Highway&zipc1=17815&stnm1=PA">1879 New Berwick Highway, Bloomsburg, PA 17815</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'first'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie/?shloc={0}">The LEGO Movie</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 41min</span><span class=time>(11:45 a.m.), (2:10), 7:00</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed-3d/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed 3D</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(11:50 a.m.), (3:10), 6:20, 9:15</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-tempest-(2010-i)/?shloc={0}">The Tempest (2010/I)</a></h4><span>NR, 2hr</span><span class=time>4:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/non-stop.2/?shloc={0}">Non-Stop</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 50min</span><span class=time>(12:00), (2:30), (4:50), 7:20, 9:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 43min</span><span class=time>(11:40 a.m.), (2:10), (4:40), 7:10, 9:40</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/12-years-a-slave/?shloc={0}">12 Years a Slave</a></h4><span>R, 2hr 13min</span><span class=time>(12:20), 6:40, 9:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/philomena/?shloc={0}">Philomena</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 34min</span><span class=time>(12:10), (2:20), 7:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie-in-3d/?shloc={0}">The Lego Movie in 3D</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 40min</span><span class=time>(4:30), 9:20</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman-3d/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman 3D</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 30min</span><span class=time>(4:20), 9:10</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/son-of-god.2/?shloc={0}">Son of God</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 18min</span><span class=time>(12:30), (3:30), 6:30, 9:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 32min</span><span class=time>(11:30 a.m.), (2:00), 6:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-monuments-men/?shloc={0}">The Monuments Men</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 52min</span><span class=time>(4:40), 9:45</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire-3d/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire 3D</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 42min</span><span class=time>(12:40), (3:00), (5:20), 7:40, 10:10</span></li><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(12:50), (4:10), 7:00, 10:00</span></li></ul></div></li><li><div class=thrdetails><h3>Berwick Theatre</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Berwick&strt1=110+East+Front+Street&zipc1=18603&stnm1=PA">110 East Front Street, Berwick, PA 18603</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'first'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie/?shloc={0}">The LEGO Movie</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 41min</span><span class=time>7:00</span></li><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/forrest-gump/?shloc={0}">Forrest Gump</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 22min</span></li></ul></div></li><li><div class=thrdetails><h3>Ritz Theatre - Muncy</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Muncy&strt1=9+North+Main+Street&zipc1=17756&stnm1=PA">9 North Main Street, Muncy, PA 17756</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 32min</span><span class=time>7:00</span></li></ul></div></li><li class=last><div class=thrdetails><h3>Regal Hazleton Laurel Mall 10</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Hazleton&strt1=400+B394+Laurel+Mall&zipc1=18202&stnm1=PA">400 B394 Laurel Mall, Hazleton, PA 18202</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'first'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/son-of-god.2/?shloc={0}">Son of God</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 18min</span><span class=time>(12:40), 3:50, 7:00, 10:25</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 43min</span><span class=time>(11:40 a.m.), (2:20), 4:55, 7:40, 10:15</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman-3d/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman 3D</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 30min</span><span class=time>(11:20 a.m.), (2:10), 4:50, 7:30, 10:10</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/non-stop.2/?shloc={0}">Non-Stop</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 50min</span><span class=time>(1:00), 4:00, 6:40, 9:20</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie/?shloc={0}">The LEGO Movie</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 41min</span><span class=time>(11:05 a.m.), (1:35), 4:05, 6:35, 9:15</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed-3d/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed 3D</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(1:10), 4:20, 7:20, 10:20</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire-3d/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire 3D</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 42min</span><span class=time>(11:10 a.m.), (1:50), 4:30, 7:10, 9:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/robocop.3/?shloc={0}">RoboCop</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 48min</span><span class=time>(12:50), 3:40, 6:30, 9:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(11:00 a.m.), (2:00), 7:50, 10:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-monuments-men/?shloc={0}">The Monuments Men</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 52min</span><span class=time>5:00</span></li><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 32min</span><span class=time>(1:40), 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src=http://col.stb01.s-msn.com/i/E1/7CCF8B7C89E215DD2074B6D3612A3D.jpg width=70 height=70 alt="Image: A man looks at a Malaysia Airlines aircraft (© Lai Seng Sin/AP)" class=portrait title="Image: A man looks at a Malaysia Airlines aircraft (© Lai Seng Sin/AP)"></a></div><div style=margin-left:70px;padding-left:10px><a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/world/malaysia-widens-search-for-missing-plane><strong>Malaysia widens search for missing plane</strong></a><div class=richtext><div><p>Search crews have <a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/world/malaysia-widens-search-for-missing-plane>few answers</a> since a jet with 239 aboard vanished.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="br br2 brl"><script>"function"==typeof $&&$.scpTrack&&$.scpTrack.add("scpPolls");</script><div id=scplatformPolls_520cc463-778d-4c1b-bca4-09844b962f94 class="content polls"><div class="child c1 first"><noscript><p class=regularresulttext>Enable JavaScript to see this poll.</p></noscript><div id=scppoll class=poll><div class=hide><span id=polltitle>Does the Malaysia Airlines jet disappearance make you afraid to fly?</span></div><input id=pollid type=hidden value=520cc463-778d-4c1b-bca4-09844b962f94><input id=pollpath type=hidden value=PollVote.aspx><input id=pollnoanswer type=hidden value="Select an answer."><input id=pollgroupid type=hidden value=e3285180-09c8-4d01-a338-f760baec8221><input id=pollidprevious type=hidden value=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000><input id=pollidnext type=hidden value=28106413-4f7f-4975-b9b6-6918a628301a><input id=trackclick type=hidden value=Disable><h4>Does the Malaysia Airlines jet disappearance make you afraid to fly?</h4><ol class=textonly><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq1 value=dd17a9e8-fbc3-4bfa-b43a-c6b9202011f8><label for=pollq1>Yes. It's scary to think a plane can simply vanish.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class="bar othervote" style=width:22px> </div><span class=percenttexttype>22 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=regularresulttext>Yes. It's scary to think a plane can simply vanish.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>35,157 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq2 value=1b998403-7549-4f3d-ab12-ccdc04adc594><label for=pollq2>No. The odds of a plane crash are very small.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class="bar maxvote" style=width:60px> </div><span class=maxpercenttexttype>60 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=maxresulttext>No. The odds of a plane crash are very small.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>94,633 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq3 value=bbeb805a-ca2e-4fe9-9247-090d3e61f640><label for=pollq3>I'm afraid of flying no matter what.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class="bar othervote" style=width:16px> </div><span class=percenttexttype>16 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=regularresulttext>I'm afraid of flying no matter what.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>25,348 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq4 value=684f4eec-432d-4469-aaa1-6bf34b1fa7e1><label for=pollq4>I haven't followed the story.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class=bar> </div><span class=percenttexttype>2 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=regularresulttext>I haven't followed the story.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>3,455 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li class=bottom><div class=question><span id=vote><input class=votebtn type=button alt=vote value=Vote></span><span id=skipToResult><a href=# class=skiptoresult>Skip to results</a></span></div><div id=backtovoting class="result hide"><div class="backtovoting hide"><a href=#>Back to voting</a></div></div></li></ol><div class=bottom><div class="result hide"><p>Total Responses: 158,596<br>Results are updated every minute.</p><div class=polllink id=customlink><a href="http://www.today.com/video/today/54674930?from=en-us_msnhp&gt1=43001">Missing jet leads to slew of conspiracy theories</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a class=more href=http://specials.msn.com/more-polls.aspx>MORE POLLS</a></div></div></div><div class="ro m3" id=apps><div class="ce ce1 cel w4"><div id=hotmail class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 hotmail1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Hotmail"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>OUTLOOK.COM</span></h2><div id=htup class="br br1"><div class=hminbox1><noscript><p>This module requires scripting to be enabled in your browser.</p></noscript><div class=actions><a href="https://login.live.com/login.srf?wa=wsignin1.0&rpsnv=12&ct=1394825237&rver=6.1.6195.0&wp=MBI_SSL&wreply=https:%2F%2Flogin.secure.co1.msn.com%2Fwlsignin.aspx%3Fru%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.msn.com%252f&lc=1033&id=1184" class=dMSNME_1>Sign in</a></div></div></div></div><div class="cogr cotb cogrst" id=socialtg><div id=facebook class=cof><div class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 facebook1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Facebook"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>FACEBOOK</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class="actfeed1 facebook"><noscript><p>This module needs JavaScript to be enabled on your browser</p></noscript><div class="ac-head ac-error cf none"><div class=ac-errortext>Unable to show activities. <a href=# class=ac-refreshlink>Please try again.</a></div><div class=ac-signout><a class="ac-link ac-signinoutpopup" href="scp/AuthServiceFacebookLogOff.aspx?redirectTo=0&mkt=en-us&format=Homepage">Logout</a></div></div><div class="ac-head ac-signin ac-upsellfb none cf"><div class=ac-heading>Get your latest feeds from Facebook</div><div class="ac-signinupsell fbsigninold cf"><div class="ac-signinlink fbsigninold"><a class="ac-link ac-signinoutpopup" href="scp/AuthServiceFacebook.aspx?redirectTo=0&mkt=en-us&format=Homepage&unifiedSignIn=false&SPSAdapterAlias=SpsAdapter&WLProductID=msnactivity" rel=facebook_480_440><span>Login</span></a><div class=fbnonunified>Login to see your News Feed</div><div class=ac-spanupsell><span>Comment on your friends' posts & share what's on your mind</span></div></div></div><div class="ac-load none ac-updatestatus">Please wait.<br>This may take a few seconds</div><div class="ac-error none ac-head ac-errortext">Unable to show activities. 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href=http://wonderwall.msn.com/music/jamie-lynn-spears-fiance-jamie-watson-get-marriage-license-will-marry-in-march-2014-1802514.story>Jamie Lynn is getting married</a></li><li><a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/us/passengers-from-crippled-pa-plane-arrive-in-fla>Plane crippled in Philly takeoff</a></li><li><a class=gt1-32235 href="http://living.msn.com/family-parenting/mom-to-mom/slideshow?cp-documentid=253386864">20 things moms should know</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="ro m3"><div class="ce ce1 w33" id=cell1><div id=news class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"News"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://news.msn.com/"><span>NEWS</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/kerry-we-wont-recognize-crimea-vote-n52966?ocid=msnhp&pos=1"><img src=http://col.stb01.s-msn.com/i/9C/91A588FA2C5BB4805F3B97A6DD1646.jpg width=192 height=100 alt="Image: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (©EPA)" class=landscape title="Image: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (©EPA)"></a></div><div class=linkabs><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/kerry-we-wont-recognize-crimea-vote-n52966?ocid=msnhp&pos=1">Kerry: We won't recognize Crimea vote</a></div></div></div><ul><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/russias-lavrov-no-common-vision-u-s-ukraine-n52896?ocid=msnhp&pos=2">No 'common vision' on Ukraine</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/news/video/college-cancels-controversial-diversity-event-n52721?ocid=msnhp&pos=3">Video: Diversity event nixed</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/pistorius-trial/photo-bare-chested-pistorius-crime-scene-shown-trial-n52546?ocid=msnhp&pos=4">Bare-chested Pistorius shown</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/scott-brown-poised-help-gop-expand-senate-fight-n52651?ocid=msnhp&pos=5">Scott Brown to help GOP</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/nbc-news/jet-q-a-every-scenario-is-far-fetched-195221571646?ocid=msnhp&pos=6">Video: No hard facts on jet</a></li><li class=ter><a href="http://www.today.com/food/happy-pi-day-mix-little-st-patricks-day-fun-your-2D79374850?ocid=msnhp&pos=7">How to celebrate Pi Day</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ce ce2 w33" id=cell2><div id=sports class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Sports"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://msn.foxsports.com/"><span>SPORTS</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href=http://msn.foxsports.com/college-basketball/story/bubble-watch-stanford-soars-but-big-east-tourney-leaves-some-upset-031414></a></div><div 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verdict</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28135 href=http://wonderwall.msn.com/tv/jessica-simpson-eric-johnson-move-wedding-no-longer-getting-married-in-italy-1802445.story>Simpson moves her wedding</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28101 href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=857035">Piers Morgan reveals new gig</a></li><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-42008 href="http://tv.msn.com/video/tv/?g=39cd100d-518f-4ce2-b1b1-2c51f2e25fc4&from=en-us_msnhp">Pups & kitties parody first kiss</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-28101 href=http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-critic-reviews/veronica-mars>Review: 'Mars' is smart & sexy</a></li><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-28135 href="http://wonderwall.msn.com/movies/fashion-offenders-for-march-14-2014-3505.video?from=en-us_msnhp">This week's fashion offenders</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ro m3"><div class="ce ce1 cel w8"><div id=stk class="co5b9 co coa2 coc1 m7 mstk1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"MarketUpdate"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>MARKET UPDATE</span></h2><div id=quote class="br br1"><div class=indices1><div class=sitime>Updated: 03/14/2014 02:24 ET</div><table summary="Market Update"><caption>Market Update</caption><thead><tr><th abbr=Symbol id=siindex>Symbol<th abbr=Last id=silast>Last<th abbr=Change id=sichange>Change<tbody><tr class=first><td class=siidx headers=siindex><a href="http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-price?Symbol=$INDU">DOW</a><td class=silast headers=silast>16,083.59<td headers=sichange class=neg>-25.30<tr><td class=siidx headers=siindex><a href="http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-price?Symbol=$COMPX">NASDAQ</a><td class=silast headers=silast>4,249.55<td headers=sichange class=neg>-10.87<tr class=last><td class=siidx headers=siindex><a href="http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-price?Symbol=$INX">S&P</a><td class=silast headers=silast>1,842.96<td headers=sichange class=neg>-3.38</table></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"StockIndices"} class=trak></div><div id=linklist class="br br2"><ul class=linklist16><li class=first><a href="http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?feed=OBR&date=20140314&id=17397149">Stocks drift amid Ukraine tension</a></li><li><a href=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post--worry-about-china-not-ukraine>Worry about China, not Ukraine</a></li><li class=last><a href=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post--6-reasons-its-an-unfriendly-world-for-stocks>It's an unfriendly world for stocks</a></li></ul><input type=hidden value={"taop":"MarketLinks"} class=trak></div><br class=b3><div class="br br3"><form action=http://moneycentral.msn.com/detail/stock_quote class="simple8 cf"><p>legend</p><div><label for=idlblsearch>Get a quote (e.g., INDU)</label><div><input id=idlblsearch class=text name=symbol size=25 maxlength=255 value="$INDU&ocid=en-us_msnhporgbtn"><input type=image class=image alt="" style=height:22px;width:22px 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href=http://living.msn.com/home-decor/interior-design/what-to-do-with-a-blank-wall-in-any-room-1>What to do with a blank wall</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32235 href="http://living.msn.com/family-parenting/mom-to-mom/article?cp-documentid=259103780">Breast vs. bottle thoughts</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-32162 href=http://living.msn.com/style-beauty/fashion/seven-ways-to-wear-your-spring-wardrobe-right-now>Wear your spring clothing now</a></li><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-42010 href="http://msnvideo.msn.com/?videoID=139dbe00-10b0-486c-a52b-917ac14419be&channelindex=3&from=en-us_msnhp">How to reupholster a cushion</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ce ce3 cel w33" id=cell6><div id=autos_hops class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m3 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Autos"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href="http://home.autos.msn.com/"><span>AUTOS</span></a></h2><div class="br br1"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><div class="pri cf"><div class=first><div class=image><a href="http://editorial.autos.msn.com/2014-geneva-motor-show-top-performance-cars?icid=autos_5345&GT1=22056"></a></div><div class=linkabs><a class=gt1-22056 href="http://editorial.autos.msn.com/2014-geneva-motor-show-top-performance-cars?icid=autos_5345">Top performance cars from Geneva show</a></div></div></div><ul><li class="ter media"><a class=gt1-22017 href="http://editorial.autos.msn.com/media/video/default.aspx?videoid=afa58b48-c201-7252-0dd6-adaaef4fcfeb&icid=autos_5408">'14 Jeep Cherokee: First look</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22004 href="http://autos.msn.com/research/compare/default.aspx?c=0&i=0&tb=0&ph1=t0&ph2=t0&dt=0&v=t117589&v=t117772&v=t119567&icid=autos_5079">3 affordable SUV icons</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22005 href="http://autos.msn.com/research/compare/default.aspx?c=0&i=0&tb=0&ph1=t0&ph2=t0&dt=0&v=t118263&v=t119149&v=t120037&icid=autos_5312">Heavy-duty trucks under $35K</a></li><li class=ter><a class=gt1-22001 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href="http://www.lewistownsentinel.com/page/content.detail/id/545223/Rules-established-for-public-to-make-comments-during-Mifflin-County-Commissioners-meetings.html?nav=5010">Rules established for public to make comments during Mifflin County Commissioners meetings</a></li></ul></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalNews"} class=trak></div><br class=b3><div class="br br3"><div class=locsports1><h3 class="h3 cf">Local Sports</h3><div><ul><li class=first><a href=http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/msn/the_importance_of_rotation_depth_for_the_phillies/16007464>The Importance of Rotation Depth for the ...</a></li><li><a href=http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/msn/philadelphia_phillies_jimmy_rollins_a_distraction_again/16003228>Philadelphia Phillies: Jimmy Rollins a ...</a></li><li class=last><a href=http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/msn/jimmy_rollins_wonders_why_he_was_benched/16000159>Jimmy Rollins wonders why he was benched</a></li></ul></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalSports"} class=trak></div><br class=b4><div class="br br4"><div class=locevents1><h3 class="h3 cf">Local Events</h3><div><ul><li class=first><a href="http://www.bing.com/events/search?q=events near 17815&p1=[Events+source="vertical"+qzeventid="z341074503"]&form=MSNLAP">Jay Swanson - Bloomsburg Fair</a></li><li><a href="http://www.bing.com/events/search?q=events near 17815&p1=[Events+source="vertical"+qzeventid="z369813867"]&form=MSNLAP">Love Is Blooming - The Art of Marriage</a></li><li class=last><a href="http://www.bing.com/events/search?q=events near 17815&p1=[Events+source="vertical"+qzeventid="z369552459"]&form=MSNLAP">Maple Fest</a></li></ul></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalEvents"} class=trak></div><div class="br br5 brl"><div class="lmlsf1 cf"><div class=findmore><div><strong>Find:</strong></div><div><ul class="linklist9 cf"><li class=first><a href="http://autos.msn.com/everyday/gasstations.aspx?icid=sn8">Gas Prices</a></li><li><a href=http://realestate.msn.com/Tools.aspx>Homes</a></li><li class=last><a href="http://circulars.living.msn.com/?locale=en&p=msnus&utm_campaign=msnus&utm_source=hp&utm_medium=localtab&utm_term=footerlink">Circulars</a></li></ul></div></div></div><input type=hidden value={"taop":"LocalFindMore"} class=trak></div><div id=movies><div class="co3b4 co coa2 coc1 m3 en-us1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Movies"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>MOVIES</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class=weather1><h3 class="h3 cf"><a href="http://local.msn.com/events/movies.aspx?eid=10093586&q=Light Street-PA&zip=17815">Light Street, PA</a><span class=loctog1><a class="mapit opennew" href="http://www.bing.com/maps/?where1=Light Street, PA&FORM=MSNHPM">Get Directions</a></span></h3></div></div><div class="br br2"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><ul><li class="sec last"><div style=float:left;width:128px><a href="http://movies.msn.com/tv-to-movies/photo-gallery/"></a></div><div style=margin-left:128px;padding-left:10px><a href="http://movies.msn.com/tv-to-movies/photo-gallery/"><strong>From the small screen to the big screen</strong></a><div class=richtext><p>As 'Veronica Mars' opens, see other TV shows made into films.</p></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="br br3 brl"><div class="localmovielist1 cf"><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>Nearby theaters</span></h2><ul><li class=first><div class=thrdetails><h3>Digiplex Cinema Center - Bloomsburg</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Bloomsburg&strt1=1879+New+Berwick+Highway&zipc1=17815&stnm1=PA">1879 New Berwick Highway, Bloomsburg, PA 17815</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'first'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie/?shloc={0}">The LEGO Movie</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 41min</span><span class=time>(11:45 a.m.), (2:10), 7:00</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed-3d/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed 3D</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(11:50 a.m.), (3:10), 6:20, 9:15</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-tempest-(2010-i)/?shloc={0}">The Tempest (2010/I)</a></h4><span>NR, 2hr</span><span class=time>4:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/non-stop.2/?shloc={0}">Non-Stop</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 50min</span><span class=time>(12:00), (2:30), (4:50), 7:20, 9:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 43min</span><span class=time>(11:40 a.m.), (2:10), (4:40), 7:10, 9:40</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/12-years-a-slave/?shloc={0}">12 Years a Slave</a></h4><span>R, 2hr 13min</span><span class=time>(12:20), 6:40, 9:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/philomena/?shloc={0}">Philomena</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 34min</span><span class=time>(12:10), (2:20), 7:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie-in-3d/?shloc={0}">The Lego Movie in 3D</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 40min</span><span class=time>(4:30), 9:20</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman-3d/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman 3D</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 30min</span><span class=time>(4:20), 9:10</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/son-of-god.2/?shloc={0}">Son of God</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 18min</span><span class=time>(12:30), (3:30), 6:30, 9:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 32min</span><span class=time>(11:30 a.m.), (2:00), 6:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-monuments-men/?shloc={0}">The Monuments Men</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 52min</span><span class=time>(4:40), 9:45</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire-3d/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire 3D</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 42min</span><span class=time>(12:40), (3:00), (5:20), 7:40, 10:10</span></li><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(12:50), (4:10), 7:00, 10:00</span></li></ul></div></li><li><div class=thrdetails><h3>Berwick Theatre</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Berwick&strt1=110+East+Front+Street&zipc1=18603&stnm1=PA">110 East Front Street, Berwick, PA 18603</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'first'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie/?shloc={0}">The LEGO Movie</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 41min</span><span class=time>7:00</span></li><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/forrest-gump/?shloc={0}">Forrest Gump</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 22min</span></li></ul></div></li><li><div class=thrdetails><h3>Ritz Theatre - Muncy</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Muncy&strt1=9+North+Main+Street&zipc1=17756&stnm1=PA">9 North Main Street, Muncy, PA 17756</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 32min</span><span class=time>7:00</span></li></ul></div></li><li class=last><div class=thrdetails><h3>Regal Hazleton Laurel Mall 10</h3><span><a class=dirs href="http://maps.msn.com/home.aspx?cnty1=0&city1=Hazleton&strt1=400+B394+Laurel+Mall&zipc1=18202&stnm1=PA">400 B394 Laurel Mall, Hazleton, PA 18202</a></span><ul class=movielist><li class="'first'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/son-of-god.2/?shloc={0}">Son of God</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 18min</span><span class=time>(12:40), 3:50, 7:00, 10:25</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 43min</span><span class=time>(11:40 a.m.), (2:20), 4:55, 7:40, 10:15</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman-3d/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman 3D</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 30min</span><span class=time>(11:20 a.m.), (2:10), 4:50, 7:30, 10:10</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/non-stop.2/?shloc={0}">Non-Stop</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 50min</span><span class=time>(1:00), 4:00, 6:40, 9:20</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-lego-movie/?shloc={0}">The LEGO Movie</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 41min</span><span class=time>(11:05 a.m.), (1:35), 4:05, 6:35, 9:15</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed-3d/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed 3D</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(1:10), 4:20, 7:20, 10:20</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/300-rise-of-an-empire-3d/?shloc={0}">300: Rise of an Empire 3D</a></h4><span>R, 1hr 42min</span><span class=time>(11:10 a.m.), (1:50), 4:30, 7:10, 9:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/robocop.3/?shloc={0}">RoboCop</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 48min</span><span class=time>(12:50), 3:40, 6:30, 9:30</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/need-for-speed/?shloc={0}">Need for Speed</a></h4><span>PG13, 2hr 10min</span><span class=time>(11:00 a.m.), (2:00), 7:50, 10:50</span></li><li><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-monuments-men/?shloc={0}">The Monuments Men</a></h4><span>PG13, 1hr 52min</span><span class=time>5:00</span></li><li class="'last'"><h4><a href="http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/mr-peabody-and-sherman/?shloc={0}">Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a></h4><span>PG, 1hr 32min</span><span class=time>(1:40), 4:15, 6:50, 9:40</span></li></ul></div></li></ul><div><a class="attr chzip" href="http://movies.msn.com/showtimes/showtimes.aspx?shloc={0}">view all theaters</a></div></div></div><div id=spotlight class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 m7 hlcpm1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"MSNSpotlight"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><a href=http://specials.msn.com/alphabet.aspx><span>MSN SPOTLIGHT</span></a></h2><div class="br br1 m3"><div style=clear:both class="hlcp1 cf"><ul><li class="sec last"><div style=float:left;width:128px><a class=gt1-32162 href=http://living.msn.com/style-beauty/fashion/chic-vacation-outfit-ideas-inspired-by-our-favorite-celebrities></a></div><div style=margin-left:128px;padding-left:10px><a class=gt1-32162 href=http://living.msn.com/style-beauty/fashion/chic-vacation-outfit-ideas-inspired-by-our-favorite-celebrities><strong>Chic vacation outfit ideas</strong></a><div class=richtext><p>Celebrities show what they wear to get away.</p></div></div></li><li class=ter><a 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src=http://col.stb01.s-msn.com/i/E1/7CCF8B7C89E215DD2074B6D3612A3D.jpg width=70 height=70 alt="Image: A man looks at a Malaysia Airlines aircraft (© Lai Seng Sin/AP)" class=portrait title="Image: A man looks at a Malaysia Airlines aircraft (© Lai Seng Sin/AP)"></a></div><div style=margin-left:70px;padding-left:10px><a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/world/malaysia-widens-search-for-missing-plane><strong>Malaysia widens search for missing plane</strong></a><div class=richtext><div><p>Search crews have <a class=gt1-51501 href=http://news.msn.com/world/malaysia-widens-search-for-missing-plane>few answers</a> since a jet with 239 aboard vanished.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="br br2 brl"><script>"function"==typeof $&&$.scpTrack&&$.scpTrack.add("scpPolls");</script><div id=scplatformPolls_520cc463-778d-4c1b-bca4-09844b962f94 class="content polls"><div class="child c1 first"><noscript><p class="regularresulttext"> Enable JavaScript to see this poll. </p></noscript><div id=scppoll class=poll><div class=hide><span id=polltitle>Does the Malaysia Airlines jet disappearance make you afraid to fly?</span></div><input id=pollid type=hidden value=520cc463-778d-4c1b-bca4-09844b962f94><input id=pollpath type=hidden value=PollVote.aspx><input id=pollnoanswer type=hidden value="Select an answer."><input id=pollgroupid type=hidden value=e3285180-09c8-4d01-a338-f760baec8221><input id=pollidprevious type=hidden value=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000><input id=pollidnext type=hidden value=28106413-4f7f-4975-b9b6-6918a628301a><input id=trackclick type=hidden value=Disable><h4>Does the Malaysia Airlines jet disappearance make you afraid to fly?</h4><ol class=textonly><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq1 value=dd17a9e8-fbc3-4bfa-b43a-c6b9202011f8><label for=pollq1>Yes. It's scary to think a plane can simply vanish.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class="bar othervote" style=width:22px> </div><span class=percenttexttype>22 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=regularresulttext>Yes. It's scary to think a plane can simply vanish.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>35,157 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq2 value=1b998403-7549-4f3d-ab12-ccdc04adc594><label for=pollq2>No. The odds of a plane crash are very small.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class="bar maxvote" style=width:60px> </div><span class=maxpercenttexttype>60 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=maxresulttext>No. The odds of a plane crash are very small.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>94,633 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq3 value=bbeb805a-ca2e-4fe9-9247-090d3e61f640><label for=pollq3>I'm afraid of flying no matter what.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class="bar othervote" style=width:16px> </div><span class=percenttexttype>16 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=regularresulttext>I'm afraid of flying no matter what.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>25,348 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li><div class=question><input type=radio name=q1 id=pollq4 value=684f4eec-432d-4469-aaa1-6bf34b1fa7e1><label for=pollq4>I haven't followed the story.</label></div><div class="result hide"><div class=ansitemleftcontainer><div class=ansitemleft><div class=bar> </div><span class=percenttexttype>2 %</span></div></div><div class=ansitemrightcontainer><div class=forresulttext><span class=regularresulttext>I haven't followed the story.</span><br><span class=forresultvote>3,455 votes</span></div></div></div></li><li class=bottom><div class=question><span id=vote><input class=votebtn type=button alt=vote value=Vote></span><span id=skipToResult><a href=# class=skiptoresult>Skip to results</a></span></div><div id=backtovoting class="result hide"><div class="backtovoting hide"><a href=#>Back to voting</a></div></div></li></ol><div class=bottom><div class="result hide"><p>Total Responses: 158,596<br>Results are updated every minute.</p><div class=polllink id=customlink><a href="http://www.today.com/video/today/54674930?from=en-us_msnhp&gt1=43001">Missing jet leads to slew of conspiracy theories</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a class=more href=http://specials.msn.com/more-polls.aspx>MORE POLLS</a></div></div></div><div class="ro m3" id=apps><div class="ce ce1 cel w4"><div id=hotmail class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 hotmail1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Hotmail"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>OUTLOOK.COM</span></h2><div id=htup class="br br1"><div class=hminbox1><noscript><p>This module requires scripting to be enabled in your browser.</p></noscript><div class=actions><a href="https://login.live.com/login.srf?wa=wsignin1.0&rpsnv=12&ct=1394825237&rver=6.1.6195.0&wp=MBI_SSL&wreply=https:%2F%2Flogin.secure.co1.msn.com%2Fwlsignin.aspx%3Fru%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.msn.com%252f&lc=1033&id=1184" class=dMSNME_1>Sign in</a></div></div></div></div><div class="cogr cotb cogrst" id=socialtg><div id=facebook class=cof><div class="co1b1 co coa2 coc1 facebook1"><input type=hidden value={"taop":"Facebook"} class=trak><h2 class="h2 cf"><span>FACEBOOK</span></h2><div class="br br1"><div class="actfeed1 facebook"><noscript><p>This module needs JavaScript to be enabled on your browser</p></noscript><div class="ac-head ac-error cf none"><div class=ac-errortext>Unable to show activities. <a href=# class=ac-refreshlink>Please try again.</a></div><div class=ac-signout><a class="ac-link ac-signinoutpopup" href="scp/AuthServiceFacebookLogOff.aspx?redirectTo=0&mkt=en-us&format=Homepage">Logout</a></div></div><div class="ac-head ac-signin ac-upsellfb none cf"><div class=ac-heading>Get your latest feeds from Facebook</div><div class="ac-signinupsell fbsigninold cf"><div class="ac-signinlink fbsigninold"><a class="ac-link ac-signinoutpopup" href="scp/AuthServiceFacebook.aspx?redirectTo=0&mkt=en-us&format=Homepage&unifiedSignIn=false&SPSAdapterAlias=SpsAdapter&WLProductID=msnactivity" rel=facebook_480_440><span>Login</span></a><div class=fbnonunified>Login to see your News Feed</div><div class=ac-spanupsell><span>Comment on your friends' posts & share what's on your mind</span></div></div></div><div class="ac-load none ac-updatestatus">Please wait.<br>This may take a few seconds</div><div class="ac-error none ac-head ac-errortext">Unable to show activities. 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.alertsContainer{border-top:1px solid #797979;margin:-1px 0 0 0;padding:0 9px 0 10px}#alertsRegion{font-family:nyt-franklin,Arial,sans-serif;color:gray}.wf-loading #alertsRegion{visibility:hidden}#alertsRegion h2{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:.0667em}#alertsRegion h2 a{color:#000}#alertsRegion .summary,#alertsRegion li{font-size:1.3em;line-height:1.31em;width:580px;background-position:left .55em}#alertsRegion p{margin-bottom:1px}#alertsRegion li{margin-bottom:.2em}#alertsRegion li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.newsAlert td,.breakingNewsAlert tr td{padding:4px 0 8px}.newsAlertMeta,.breakingNewsAlert td.breakingNewsAlertMeta{padding-top:9px}</style><div id=extendedNewsAlertText style=display:none><dl><dt class=headline>U.S. Capitol Is Locked Down After Reports of Gunfire<dd class=summary>Witnesses reported hearing gunshots outside the Capitol after 2 p.m., sparking a huge police response and heightened security inside the Capitol, which was already tense during shutdown 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Members not near their own offices were asked to go to the nearest office, and shelter there.</dl></div><script>!function(e){var n=function(){var n=e.trim(e("#extendedNewsAlertText > dl > dt.headline").text());e("#alertsRegion .breakingNewsAlert h2").each(function(t,l){if(e.trim(e(l).text())==n){e("#extendedNewsAlertText > dl > dd.summary").each(function(n,t){e(l).parent().append("<p class='summary'>"+e(t).html()+"</p>")});var a=null;e("#extendedNewsAlertText > dl > dd.bullet").each(function(n,t){""!=e.trim(e(t).html())&&(null==a&&(a=e("<ul></ul>"),e(l).parent().append(a)),a.append("<li>"+e(t).html()+"</li>"))})}})};e("#spanABCRegion").removeClass("opening"),e("#alertsRegion .breakingNewsAlert h2").length>0?n():e(n),e(function(){e("#spanABCRegion .columnGroup div").not(e("#extendedNewsAlertText")).length>0&&e("#spanABCRegion").addClass("opening")})}(NYTD.jQuery);</script></div></div><div class="column last"><div class=spanAB><div class=abColumn><div class="wideB module"><div class="aColumn opening"><div class="columnGroup first"><div class=story><h2><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/us/eavesdropping-ensnared-american-law-firm.html?hp>Spying by Ally of N.S.A. Entangled a U.S. Law Firm</a></h2><h6 class=byline>By JAMES RISEN and LAURA POITRAS </h6><p class=summary>A document obtained by Edward J. Snowden shows that Australia consulted with the N.S.A. about monitoring an American law firm that was representing Indonesia in trade disputes with the United States.</p><ul class="refer commentsRefer"><li style=background-image:none;padding-left:0></li></ul></div><div class=columnGroup><div class=story><h3><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/us/a-severe-winter-breaks-budgets-as-well-as-pipes.html?hp>Severe Winter Takes Its Toll on Budgets, as Well as Pipes</a></h3><h6 class=byline>By JESSE McKINLEY and RICHARD PÉREZ-PEÑA </h6><p class=summary>Local and state authorities are facing new financial pressures this exceptionally stormy winter, with officials reporting increased spending on overtime, contractors and supplies.</p></div><div class=columnGroup><div class=story><h3><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/world/europe/ukrainian-protesters-end-occupation-of-kievs-city-hall.html?hp>Ukrainian Protesters End Occupation of Kiev’s City Hall</a></h3><h6 class=byline>By ANDREW HIGGINS </h6><div class=thumbnail><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/world/europe/ukrainian-protesters-end-occupation-of-kievs-city-hall.html?hp><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/17/world/17kiev1/17kiev1-thumbStandard.jpg width=75 height=75 alt="Opposition supporters left City Hall in Kiev on Sunday." border=0></a></div><p class=summary>As they left the building that they had occupied for more than two months, the protesters said they would seize it again if the authorities did not drop all charges against activists.</p></div><div class=columnGroup><div class=story><h3><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/asia/afghan-armys-test-begins-with-fight-for-vital-highway.html?hp>Afghan Army’s Test Begins With Fight for Vital Highway</a></h3><h6 class=byline>By AZAM AHMED </h6><p class=summary>A week with Afghan troops safeguarding Highway 1 offers glimpses of a road war in which powerful leaders on all sides battle for control of Afghanistan’s crucial artery.</p></div><div class="columnGroup last"><div class=story><ul class=headlinesOnly><li><h5><a href=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/disruptions-using-addictive-games-to-build-better-brains/?hp>Bits: Better Brains Through Addictive Games</a></h5></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="bColumn opening"><div id=photoSpotRegion><div class="columnGroup first"><style>#nytDesignSochiHeaderWideCenter{margin-bottom:10px;text-align:center}#nytDesignSochiHeaderWideCenter h6{display:inline-block;position:relative;margin:0 auto;padding:0 8px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;font-family:nyt-franklin,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:700}#nytDesignSochiHeaderWideCenter h6 a.nytDesignSochiHeaderLink,#nytDesignSochiHeaderNarrowLeft h6 a.nytDesignSochiHeaderLink:visited{text-decoration:none;position:relative;margin-bottom:8px;color:#1a1a1a}#nytDesignSochiHeaderWideCenter h6 a i{position:absolute;display:block;height:2px;left:-2px;bottom:-4px;border-left:21px #257EB8 solid;border-right:22px #E4B05E solid}#nytDesignSochiHeaderWideCenter h6 a i.second{left:auto;right:-2px;border-left-color:#22A254;border-right-color:#D73A39}</style><div id=nytDesignSochiHeaderWideCenter><h6><a class=nytDesignSochiHeaderLink href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/sports/olympics/index.html>Sochi 2014</a></h6></div><div class=story><div class=ledePhoto id=ledePhoto><div class=image><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/sports/olympics/the-oddities-of-olympic-park.html?hp><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/sports/coast/coast-largeHorizontal375.jpg width=375 height=250 alt="The vast scale of Olympic Park in Sochi makes buildings appear closer than they are."></a></div><h6 class=credit>Chang W. Lee/The New York Times</h6></div><h3><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/sports/olympics/the-oddities-of-olympic-park.html?hp>The Oddities of Olympic Park</a></h3><h6 class=byline>By DAVID SEGAL </h6><p class=summary>In many ways, the vast park caters avidly to the West, and the United States in particular. But behind the familiar trappings, many aspects of the Games are distinctly Russian.</p><ul class=refer><li><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/sports/olympics/a-wild-ride-navigating-sochis-games.html>Looking for Adventure? Head for the Mountains</a> </li><li><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/sports/olympics/jacobellis-again-comes-up-short-in-snowboard-cross.html>Jacobellis Comes Up Short in Snowboard Cross</a> </li><li><a href=http://sochi2014.nytimes.com/photos/firehose?hp><span class="icon slideshow">Real-Time Photo</span> Stream From Sochi</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="columnGroup last"><div class=story><ul class=headlinesOnly><style>.nythpSochiFooter,.nythpSochiFooter h5,.nythpSochiFooter h6{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:500;text-align:center}.nythpSochiFooter h5{font-size:12px;display:inline-block;padding:0 4px}.nythpSochiFooter .singleRuleDivider{width:50%;margin:12px auto}.nythpSochiFooter a,.nythpSochiFooter a:visited,.nythpSochiFooter a:hover,.nythpSochiFooter a:active{color:#909090;text-decoration:none}.nythpSochiFooter a strong,.nythpSochiFooterLeft h5 a,.nythpSochiFooterLeft h5 a:visited,.nythpSochiFooterLeft h5 a:hover,.nythpSochiFooterLeft h5 a:active{display:inline-block;font-weight:500;color:#326891}.nythpSochiFooter a:hover strong,.nythpSochiFooterLeft h5 a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.nythpSochiFooterLeft,.nythpSochiFooterRight{width:177px;float:left;margin-bottom:8px}.nythpSochiFooterLeft{border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:11px}.nythpSochiFooterRight{padding-left:8px}.nythpSochiFooter .icon{position:relative;top:-1px;padding-top:1px;padding-left:12px}.nythpSochiFooter .appIcon{background-image:url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/olympics/homepage/icons/icon-media-apps-12x12-6389A5.gif)}.nythpSochiFooter a:hover .appIcon{background-image:url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/olympics/homepage/icons/icon-media-apps-12x12-326891.gif)}.nythpSochiFooter .twitterIcon{background-image:url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/olympics/homepage/icons/icon-media-twitter-12x12-6389A5.gif)}.nythpSochiFooter a:hover .twitterIcon{background-image:url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/olympics/homepage/icons/icon-media-twitter-12x12-326891.gif)}.nythpSochiFooter .emailIcon{padding-left:16px!important;background-image:url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/olympics/homepage/icons/icon-media-email-alert-12x12-6389A5.gif)}.nythpSochiFooter a:hover .emailIcon{background-image:url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/olympics/homepage/icons/icon-media-email-alert-12x12-326891.gif)}#sochi-hub .nytDesignSochiEmail p{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif!important;font-size:12px!important;font-weight:500!important}</style><div class=nythpSochiFooter><div class=nythpSochiFooterLeft><h6>Olympics Coverage</h6><h5><a href=http://sochi2014.nytimes.com/?hp>News »</a></h5><h5><a href=http://sochi2014.nytimes.com/results?hp>Results »</a></h5><h5><a href=http://sochi2014.nytimes.com/photos?hp>Photos »</a></h5></div><div class=nythpSochiFooterRight></div></div><script>function nythpRndmOlyPromo(){var o=new Array;o[0]='<a href="https://twitter.com/sochinyt/"><span class="media icon twitterIcon"> </span>For up-to-date news and results, <strong>follow @SochiNYT</strong>.</a>',o[1]='<a href="http://sochi2014.nytimes.com/email?hp"><span class="media icon emailIcon"> </span>Sign up for a <strong>daily recap</strong> of highlights from the Games.</a>',o[2]='<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/services/mobile/?action=click®ion=Masthead&pgtype=Homepage&module=SectionsNav&version=BrowseTree&contentCollection=Mobile&contentPlacement=3&t=qry647"><span class="media icon appIcon"> </span><strong>Download our mobile apps</strong> to receive alerts.</a>',rdmText=Math.floor(Math.random()*o.length),document.getElementById("nythpOlyAppsPromoText").innerHTML=o[rdmText]}nythpRndmOlyPromo();</script></ul></div></div></div><div class="columnGroup first"><div class=story><h5><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/us/rescuing-a-vietnam-casualty-johnsons-legacy.html?hp>Rescuing a Vietnam Casualty: Johnson’s Legacy</a></h5><div class="thumbnail runaroundRight" style=margin-top:4px><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/us/rescuing-a-vietnam-casualty-johnsons-legacy.html?hp><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/us/sub-lbj/sub-lbj-thumbStandard.jpg width=75 height=75 alt="President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. Fifty years later, his relatives and admirers are working hard to highlight his initiatives." border=0></a></div><h6 class=byline>By ADAM NAGOURNEY </h6><p class=summary>As the 50th anniversary of Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidential milestones approaches, his allies are highlighting achievements they say were overshadowed by the Vietnam War.</p><ul class="refer commentsRefer"><li> | <a href=http://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000002714476/legacy-of-lbj.html><span class="icon video">Video</span>: President Johnson's Legacy</a></li></ul></div><div class=columnGroup><div class=story><h5><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/us/crossing-borders-and-changing-lives-lured-by-higher-state-minimum-wages.html?hp>Crossing Borders for Higher State Minimum Wages</a></h5><h6 class=byline>By KIRK JOHNSON </h6><p class=summary>Higher pay in Washington and Oregon is luring workers from Idaho, showing how small hourly increases can change lives.</p></div><div class=columnGroup><style>.moveThumbAlot .thumbnail{margin-top:-10px!important;margin-bottom:1px}</style><div class=moveThumbAlot><div class=story><h5><a 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href=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/02/16/us/ap-us-montana-house.html?hp>Candidate Reaps Benefits of Super PAC He Founded</a></h6></div><div class=story><h6><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/02/16/us/ap-us-lake-county-avalanche.html?hp>2 Missing After Large Avalanche in Colorado</a></h6></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=cColumn><div id=cColumnTopSpanRegion><div class="columnGroup first"><div class=opinionModule><h4 class=sectionHeaderHome><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/?hp><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytdesign/2014/opinion/homepage/sundayReviewHpC375.png></a></h4><div class="subColumn-2 wrap layout">div class="column"><div class=insetH><div class=story><h5><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/the-line-at-the-super-pac-trough.html?hp&rref=opinion">The Line at the ‘Super PAC’ Trough</a></h5><h6 class=byline>By THE EDITORIAL BOARD</h6><p class="summary flushBottom">An unlimited source of cash is now a requirement for contested congressional races.</p></div><ul class=headlinesOnly><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/bruni-let-our-lawmakers-hide.html?hp&rref=opinion">Bruni: Lawmakers Hide</a></li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/douthat-parental-pity-party.html?hp&rref=opinion">Douthat: Parent Whining</a></li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/dowd-marry-first-then-cheat.html?hp&rref=opinion">Dowd: Marry, Then Cheat</a></li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/friedman-start-up-america-our-best-hope.html?hp&rref=opinion">Friedman: Start-Up Hopes</a></li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/kristof-professors-we-need-you.html?hp&rref=opinion">Kristof: To Professors</a></li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/boylan-transgender-schlumpy-and-human.html?hp&rref=opinion">Boylan: Transgender, Schlumpy and Human</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="column lastColumn"><div class=insetH><div class=story><div class="thumbnail runaroundRight"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/opinion/sunday/the-all-or-nothing-marriage.html?hp&rref=opinion"><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/sunday-review/16COVER/16COVER-mediumFlexible177.jpg width=177></a></div><h5><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/opinion/sunday/the-all-or-nothing-marriage.html?hp&rref=opinion">The All-or-Nothing Marriage</a></h5><h6 class=byline>By ELI J. FINKEL</h6><p class="summary flushBottom">Couples can be happier now than ever before. But it’s rare.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class=singleAd id=HPHalf><div align=center><noscript><a href="http://clk.atdmt.com/NYC/go/469824683/direct;wi.300;hi.600/01/" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://view.atdmt.com/NYC/view/469824683/direct;wi.300;hi.600/01/" /></a></noscript></div></div><div class="columnGroup first"><div class="columnGroup fullWidth flushBottom"><div class="subColumn-2 wrap noBackground layout"><div class=column><div class="columnGroup flushBottom"><h4 class=sectionHeaderHome><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/business?src=dayp">Business Day »</a></h4><div class=story><h6 class=kicker>Fair Game</h6><h5><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/business/the-untouchable-profits-of-fannie-mae-and-freddie-mac.html>Fannie and Freddie’s Untouchable Profits</a></h5><p class=summary>An internal Treasury memo put the earnings of two mortgage giants off limits to their shareholders.</p></div></div></div><div class="column lastColumn"><div class="columnGroup flushBottom"><div id=Middle4><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=Middle4&sn2=1523368b/d11e58cc&sn1=2fcf4dcc/61fa1b6e&camp=Dell_Jan-March_2014_1912488-nyt2&ad=Dell_GeneticTests_163x90_HPMarkets_021414&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fpaidpost%2Enytimes%2Ecom%2Fdell%2Fgenetic%2Dtests%2Dpose%2Dmore%2Dquestions%2Dthan%2Danswers%2Ehtml" target=_blank><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/adx/images/ADS/36/46/ad.364695/dell_marketmodule2.gif width=163 height=90 border=0></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id=cColumnAboveMothRegion><div class="columnGroup first"><div class="columnGroup fullWidth flushBottom"><div class="subColumn-2 wrap noBackground layout"><div class=column><div class="columnGroup flushBottom"><div class=story><h4 class=sectionHeaderHome><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/nyregion/index.html?src=dayp">Metropolitan »</a></h4><h5><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/nyregion/the-new-amigos-at-the-danish-athletic-club.html?src=dayp">The Danes’ New Amigos</a></h5><div class=runaroundRight><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/nyregion/the-new-amigos-at-the-danish-athletic-club.html?src=dayp"><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2014/02/16/nyregion/16DANISH1/16DANISH-1-thumbStandard.jpg alt="
+The Danes’ New Amigos" width=75 height=75></a></div><p class=summary>As its Scandinavian base has faded, the Danish Athletic Club has embraced new patrons.</p></div><h6 class=kicker>Sunday Routine</h6><h5><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/nyregion/stretching-the-mind-and-the-body.html?ref=global-home">Stretching the Mind</a></h5><p class=summary>How Grace Aneiza Ali, who founded the arts journal Of Note, spends her Sundays.</p></div></div><div class="column lastColumn"><div class="columnGroup flushBottom"><h4 class=sectionHeaderHome><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/fashion/index.html?src=dayp">Sunday Styles »</a></h4><div class=story><h5><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/fashion/millennials-internships.html?ref=fashion">For Interns, All Work and No Payoff</a></h5><div class=runaroundRight><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/fashion/millennials-internships.html?ref=fashion"><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2014/02/16/fashion/16INTERNS_SPAN/16INTERNS_SPAN-thumbStandard.jpg alt="
+Their Time Is Now" width=75 height=75></a></div><p class=summary>Unpaid internships are the bane of millennial workers with high aspirations.</p></div><div id=Middle5><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=Middle5&sn2=1523368c/d15e58cc&sn1=5d4c3224/b9460dba&camp=Amex_PersonalSavings_JanFeb14_1910280-nyt1&ad=Amex_HP-Advantage_01272014&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fad%2Edoubleclick%2Enet%2Fclk%3B278393809%3B105624932%3Bq%3Bpc%3D%5BTPAS%5FID%5D" target=_blank><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/adx/images/ADS/36/24/ad.362436/NYTimes_Q2_2013_163x90.gif width=163 height=90 border=0></a><div class=hidden><img src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/N553.newyorktimes.com/B7975140.2;sz=1x1;pc=[TPAS_ID];ord=2014.02.16.18.01.08?" border=0 width=1 height=1 alt=Advertisement><script language=JavaScript1.1 src=http://pixel.adsafeprotected.com/rjss/st/22548/1757491/skeleton.js></script><noscript><IMG 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src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/magazine/16moth_kilis/16moth_kilis-moth.png alt="Building a Perfect Refugee Camp" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/magazine/how-to-build-a-perfect-refugee-camp.html>Building a Perfect Refugee Camp</a></h6></div><td><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/arts/music/index.html>Music »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/arts/music/for-new-age-the-next-generation.html><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/arts/music/16MOTH_NEWAGE/16MOTH_NEWAGE-moth.jpg alt="For New Age, the Next Generation" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/arts/music/for-new-age-the-next-generation.html>For New Age, the Next Generation</a></h6></div><td><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html>Sunday Review »</a></h6><h3><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/to-save-fish-and-birds.html>Editorial: To Save Fish and Birds</a></h3><p class=summary>A recent study found that, more often than not, marine-protected areas don’t work as well as they could.</p></div><td><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/fashion/index.html>Fashion & Style »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/fashion/weddings/index.html><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/fashion/16MOTH_VOWS/16MOTH_VOWS-moth.jpg alt="Weddings and Celebrations" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/fashion/weddings/index.html>Weddings and Celebrations</a></h6></div><td><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html>Sunday Review »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/is-harlem-good-now.html><img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/sunday-review/16MOTH_HARLEM/16MOTH_HARLEM-moth.jpg alt="Marcus Samuelsson: Is Harlem ‘Good’ Now?" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/is-harlem-good-now.html>Marcus Samuelsson: Is Harlem ‘Good’ Now?</a></h6></div><td class=hidden><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/travel/index.html>Travel »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/travel/skiing-in-my-own-backyard.html><span class=img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/travel/16moth-oregon/16moth-oregon-moth.jpg alt="Skiing in My Own Backyard" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/travel/skiing-in-my-own-backyard.html>Skiing in My Own Backyard</a></h6></div><td class=hidden><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/t-magazine/index.html>T Magazine »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2014/02/16/t-magazine/womens-fashion-issue/index.html><span class=img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/15/t-magazine/15moth_tmagissue/15moth_tmagissue-moth.jpg alt="Spring 2014 Women’s Fashion Issue" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2014/02/16/t-magazine/womens-fashion-issue/index.html>Spring 2014 Women’s Fashion Issue</a></h6></div><td class=hidden><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html>Sunday Review »</a></h6><h3><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/the-never-ending-candy-crush-saga.html>Loose Ends: The Never-Ending Candy Crush Saga</a></h3><p class=summary>An obsession with a game app raises so many questions.</p></div><td class=hidden><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/arts/television/index.html>Television »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/arts/television/nbc-hopes-jimmy-fallon-brings-younger-viewers-to-tonight.html><span class=img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/arts/television/16MOTH_FALLON/16MOTH_FALLON-moth.jpg alt="Bullish on Boyish" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/arts/television/nbc-hopes-jimmy-fallon-brings-younger-viewers-to-tonight.html>Bullish on Boyish</a></h6></div><td class=hidden><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html>Sunday Review »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/thestrip><span class=img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/sunday-review/16MOTH_COMICS/16MOTH_COMICS-moth.jpg alt="The Strip: All-American Winter Games" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/thestrip>The Strip: All-American Winter Games</a></h6></div><td class=hidden><div class=story><h6 class=kicker><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/nyregion/index.html>N.Y./Region »</a></h6><div class=mothImage><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/nyregion/fulfilling-a-childhood-goal-of-being-an-artist.html><span class=img src=http://i1.nyt.com/images/2014/02/16/nyregion/16MOTH_CHARACTER/16MOTH_CHARACTER-moth.jpg alt="Her Creative Exuberance Has No Limits" width=151 height=151></a></div><h6 class=headline><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/nyregion/fulfilling-a-childhood-goal-of-being-an-artist.html>Her Creative Exuberance Has No Limits</a></h6></div></table></div></div><div class="baseLayoutBelowFold wrap spanABWell"><div class=doubleRule><div class="column last"><div class="spanABBelowFold wrap"><div class=abColumn><div id=wellRegion><div class="module wrap"><div class="column firstColumn"><h6 class=moduleHeaderLg><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/world/index.html>World »</a></h6><ul class=headlinesOnly><li class="firstItem wrap"><a class="thumb runaroundRight" 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runaroundRight" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/business/media/comcast-vs-the-cord-cutters.html?hpw&rref=business"><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2014/02/16/business/16-CONSUMER/16-CONSUMER-thumbStandard-v2.jpg></a><h6><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/business/media/comcast-vs-the-cord-cutters.html?hpw&rref=business">News Analysis: Comcast vs. the Cord Cutters</a></h6></li><li><h6><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/technology/intels-sharp-eyed-social-scientist.html?hpw&rref=business">Intel’s Sharp-Eyed Social Scientist</a></h6></li><li class=lastItem><h6><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/business/defeat-of-auto-union-in-tennessee-casts-its-plans-into-doubt.html?hpw&rref=business">News Analysis: Defeat of Auto Union in Tennessee Casts Its Strategy Into Doubt</a></h6></li></ul></div><div class="column lastColumn"><h6 class=moduleHeaderLg><a href=http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html>Opinion »</a></h6><ul class=headlinesOnly><li 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href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=HPBottom1&sn2=ba5a7590/f9c69a68&sn1=d38f07aa/7b652a3&camp=nyt2013_storemodule_nytstore_hp&ad=nyt5_tintin&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytstore%2Ecom%2FPosters%3Futm%5Fsource%3Dnytimes%26utm%5Fmedium%3DHPB%26utm%5Fcontent%3DHero%5Fdepartment%5Ftintin%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DNYT%2DWinter" target=_blank>Vintage Posters</a></div><div style=margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px><a class=itemDescription style=font-weight:700 href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=HPBottom1&sn2=ba5a7590/f9c69a68&sn1=d38f07aa/7b652a3&camp=nyt2013_storemodule_nytstore_hp&ad=nyt5_tintin&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytstore%2Ecom%2FTintin%2DReading%2Dby%2DRoy%2DLichtenstein%2D%2D1994%5Fp%5F9671%2Ehtml%3Futm%5Fsource%3Dnytimes%26utm%5Fmedium%3DHPB%26utm%5Fcontent%3DHero%5Fproduct%5Ftintin%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DNYT%2DWinter" target=_blank>"Tintin Reading" by Roy Lichtenstein, 1994</a></div><div><a class=itemDescription href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=HPBottom1&sn2=ba5a7590/f9c69a68&sn1=d38f07aa/7b652a3&camp=nyt2013_storemodule_nytstore_hp&ad=nyt5_tintin&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytstore%2Ecom%2FTintin%2DReading%2Dby%2DRoy%2DLichtenstein%2D%2D1994%5Fp%5F9671%2Ehtml%3Futm%5Fsource%3Dnytimes%26utm%5Fmedium%3DHPB%26utm%5Fcontent%3DHero%5Fproduct%5Ftintin%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DNYT%2DWinter" target=_blank>Own a hard-to-find, original lithograph by the legendary pop artist, printed 20 years ago for an exhibition in Belgium.</a></div><div style=margin-top:5px><a class=itemPrice href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=HPBottom1&sn2=ba5a7590/f9c69a68&sn1=d38f07aa/7b652a3&camp=nyt2013_storemodule_nytstore_hp&ad=nyt5_tintin&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytstore%2Ecom%2FTintin%2DReading%2Dby%2DRoy%2DLichtenstein%2D%2D1994%5Fp%5F9671%2Ehtml%3Futm%5Fsource%3Dnytimes%26utm%5Fmedium%3DHPB%26utm%5Fcontent%3DHero%5Fproduct%5Ftintin%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DNYT%2DWinter" target=_blank>$775 Framed</a></div><div style=margin-top:18px><a class=storeLink href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=HPBottom1&sn2=ba5a7590/f9c69a68&sn1=d38f07aa/7b652a3&camp=nyt2013_storemodule_nytstore_hp&ad=nyt5_tintin&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytstore%2Ecom%2F%3Futm%5Fsource%3Dnytimes%26utm%5Fmedium%3DHPB%26utm%5Fcontent%3DHero%5Fstore%5Fbottom%5Ftintin%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DNYT%2DWinter" target=_blank>NYTStore.com »</a></div></table></div></div></div><div class=columnGroup><div class=singleAd id=HPBottom2><div align=center><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=homepage.nytimes.com/index.html&pos=HPBottom2&sn2=ba5a7591/f9ca9a68&sn1=64879ef2/8dc465ea&camp=nyt2014_footer_digi_feb_holi_3Q9KU&ad=3Q9KU_Footer_300x60_PrezSale2014&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytimes%2Ecom%2Fsubscriptions%2FMultiproduct%2Flp3HY66%2Ehtml%3FcampaignId%3D3Q9KU%26adxc%3D237988%26adxa%3D364089%26page%3Dhomepage.nytimes.com/index.html%26pos%3DHPBottom2%26campaignId%3D3Q9KU" target=_blank><img src=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/adx/images/ADS/36/40/ad.364089/14-2592_PresidentsDay_300x50_ER1.jpg width=300 height=60 border=0></a></div></div></div><div class=columnGroup><div class="columnGroup fullWidth"><div class="subColumn-2 wrap"><div class=column><div class="columnGroup centeredAd"><div id=Right1><a 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\ No newline at end of file
+My main concern is not to call View.buildDrawingCache() method on the UI thread and possibly ...">Creating views inside a worker thread</a></h3><div class="tags t-android t-multithreading t-android-ui"><a href=/questions/tagged/android class=post-tag title="show questions tagged 'android'" rel=tag><img src=http://i.stack.imgur.com/tKsDb.png height=16 width=18 alt="" class=sponsor-tag-img>android</a> <a href=/questions/tagged/multithreading class=post-tag title="show questions tagged 'multithreading'" rel=tag>multithreading</a> <a href=/questions/tagged/android-ui class=post-tag title="show questions tagged 'android-ui'" rel=tag>android-ui</a></div><div class=started><a href=/questions/21812377/creating-views-inside-a-worker-thread class=started-link><span title="2014-02-16 14:55:27Z" class=relativetime>2h ago</span></a> <a href=/users/2568311/cdroid>cdroid</a> <span class=reputation-score title="reputation score " dir=ltr>125</span></div></div></div></div></div><h2 class=bottom-notice>Looking for more? 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rel=dns-prefetch href=//meta.wikimedia.org><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/w/static-1.23wmf13/skins/vector/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--><body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-President_of_the_United_States skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"><div id=content class=mw-body role=main><h1 id=firstHeading class=firstHeading lang=en><span dir=auto>President of the United States</span></h1><div id=bodyContent><div id=siteSub>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id=jump-to-nav class=mw-jump>Jump to: <a href=#mw-navigation>navigation</a>, <a href=#p-search>search</a></div><div id=mw-content-text lang=en dir=ltr class=mw-content-ltr><div class=dablink>"POTUS" redirects here. For the political talk radio channel, see <a href=/wiki/P.O.T.U.S._(Sirius_XM) title="P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)">P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)</a>.</div><div class=dablink>For other uses, see <a href=/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_(disambiguation) title="President of the United States (disambiguation)">President of the United States (disambiguation)</a>. For a list, see <a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States</a>.</div><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id=protected-icon style=display:none;right:55px><a href=/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png width=20 height=20 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x"></a></div><table class=infobox cellspacing=3 style=border-spacing:3px;width:22em><tr><th colspan=2 style=text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2em;font-size:135%;>President of the<br>United States of America<tr><td colspan=2 style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:.4em;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href=/wiki/File:Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg class=image><img alt="Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/110px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png width=110 height=110 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/165px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/220px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 2x"></a><br><div style=padding-top:.2em;><a href=/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Seal of the President of the United States">Presidential Seal</a></div><tr><td colspan=2 style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:.4em;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href=/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg class=image><img alt="Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png width=120 height=83 class=thumbborder srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 2x"></a><br><div style=padding-top:.2em;><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Flag of the President of the United States">Presidential Standard</a></div><tr><td colspan=2 style=text-align:center;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><div style="padding-bottom:.4em;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;line-height:1.4em"><div style=padding-bottom:.4em><a href=/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg class=image><img alt="President Barack Obama.jpg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg width=220 height=275 class=thumbborder srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x"></a></div><b>Incumbent<br><a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></b><br><small>since January 20, 2009<span style=display:none> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2009-01-20</span>)</span></small></div><tr><td colspan=2 style=text-align:center;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch title="Federal government of the United States">Executive branch of the U.S. Government</a><br><a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address) title="Style (manner of address)">Style</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Mr._President_(title) title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a><br><small>(Informal)</small><sup id=cite_ref-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-1><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-2><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br><a href=/wiki/The_Honourable#United_States title="The Honourable">The Honorable</a><br><small>(Formal)</small><sup id=cite_ref-3 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-3><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br><a href=/wiki/Excellency#United_States title=Excellency>His Excellency</a><sup id=cite_ref-4 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-4><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-5 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-5><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-6 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-6><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br><small>(diplomatic, outside the U.S.)</small><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Member of<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/United_States_Cabinet title="United States Cabinet" class=mw-redirect>Cabinet</a><br><a href=/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy Council</a><br><a href=/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</a><br><a href=/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Official_residence title="Official residence">Residence</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/The_White_House title="The White House" class=mw-redirect>The White House</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity) title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Washington,_D.C. title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Appointer<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Term_of_office title="Term of office">Term length</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;>Four years<div style=padding-top:.2em;font-size:80%>renewable once</div><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Constituting instrument<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Formation<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;>March 4, 1789<tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">First holder<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a><br>April 30, 1789<tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Salary<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;>$400,000 annually <small>(2001-)</small><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Website<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/">The White House</a></table><p>The <b>President of the United States of America</b> (<b>POTUS</b>)<sup id=cite_ref-7 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-7><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> is the <a href=/wiki/Head_of_state title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href=/wiki/Head_of_government title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a>. The president leads the <a href=/wiki/Executive_(government) title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> of the <a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and is the <a href=/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States title=Commander-in-chief>commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. The person in this position is the leader of the country which has the <a href=/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)#Lists title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economy</a> and the <a href=/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures#SIPRI_Yearbook_2013_.E2.80.93_World.27s_top_15_military_spenders title="List of countries by military expenditures">largest military</a>, with command authority over the <a href=/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons#Statistics title="List of states with nuclear weapons">largest active nuclear arsenal</a>. The president is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world.<sup id=cite_ref-8 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-8><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-9 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-9><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-10 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-10><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-11 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-11><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-12 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-12><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p><a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II of the U.S. Constitution</a> vests the executive power of the United States in the president and charges him with the execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers, with the <a href=/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. The president is further empowered to grant federal <a href=/wiki/Pardon title=Pardon>pardons and reprieves</a>, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a> under extraordinary circumstances.<sup id=cite_ref-13 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-13><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government <a href=/wiki/Imperial_Presidency title="Imperial Presidency">have grown substantially</a><sup id=cite_ref-14 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-14><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or <a href=/wiki/Veto title=Veto>vetoing</a> congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.<sup id=cite_ref-15 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-15><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The president is <a href=/wiki/Indirect_election title="Indirect election">indirectly elected</a> by the people through the <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> to a four-year term, and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-16 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-16><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href=/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from ever being elected to the presidency for a third full term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president, or <a href=/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, <a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">43 individuals</a> have served 44 presidencies (<a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland's</a> two non-consecutive terms each counted) spanning 56 full four-year terms.<sup id=cite_ref-the_presidency_17-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-the_presidency-17><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 20, 2009, <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <a href=/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">became</a> the 44th and current president. On November 6, 2012, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012 title="United States presidential election, 2012">he was re-elected</a> and is currently serving the 57th term, which ends on January 20, 2017.</p><div id=toc class=toc><div id=toctitle><h2>Contents</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href=#Origin><span class=tocnumber>1</span> <span class=toctext>Origin</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href=#Powers_and_duties><span class=tocnumber>2</span> <span class=toctext>Powers and duties</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href=#Article_I_legislative_role><span class=tocnumber>2.1</span> <span class=toctext>Article I legislative role</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href=#Article_II_executive_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2</span> <span class=toctext>Article II executive powers</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href=#War_and_foreign_affairs_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2.1</span> <span class=toctext>War and foreign affairs powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href=#Administrative_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2.2</span> <span class=toctext>Administrative powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href=#Juridical_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2.3</span> <span class=toctext>Juridical powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href=#Legislative_facilitator><span class=tocnumber>2.2.4</span> <span class=toctext>Legislative facilitator</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href=#Ceremonial_roles><span class=tocnumber>2.3</span> <span class=toctext>Ceremonial roles</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href=#Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution><span class=tocnumber>2.4</span> <span class=toctext>Critics of presidency's evolution</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href=#Selection_process><span class=tocnumber>3</span> <span class=toctext>Selection process</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href=#Eligibility><span class=tocnumber>3.1</span> <span class=toctext>Eligibility</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href=#Campaigns_and_nomination><span class=tocnumber>3.2</span> <span class=toctext>Campaigns and nomination</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href=#Election_and_oath><span class=tocnumber>3.3</span> <span class=toctext>Election and oath</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href=#Tenure_and_term_limits><span class=tocnumber>3.4</span> <span class=toctext>Tenure and term limits</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href=#Vacancy_or_disability><span class=tocnumber>3.5</span> <span class=toctext>Vacancy or disability</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href=#Compensation><span class=tocnumber>4</span> <span class=toctext>Compensation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href=#Post-presidency><span class=tocnumber>5</span> <span class=toctext>Post-presidency</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href=#Presidential_libraries><span class=tocnumber>5.1</span> <span class=toctext>Presidential libraries</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href=#See_also><span class=tocnumber>6</span> <span class=toctext>See also</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href=#Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency><span class=tocnumber>6.1</span> <span class=toctext>Lists relating to the United States presidency</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href=#Categories><span class=tocnumber>6.2</span> <span class=toctext>Categories</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href=#Articles><span class=tocnumber>6.3</span> <span class=toctext>Articles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href=#Notes><span class=tocnumber>7</span> <span class=toctext>Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href=#References><span class=tocnumber>8</span> <span class=toctext>References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href=#Further_reading><span class=tocnumber>9</span> <span class=toctext>Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href=#External_links><span class=tocnumber>10</span> <span class=toctext>External links</span></a></li></ul></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Origin>Origin</span></h2><table class="vertical-navbox vcard" cellspacing=5 cellpadding=0 style="float:right;clear:right;width:22em;margin:0 0 1em 1em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em;border-spacing:.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19em"><tr><th style="padding:.2em .4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><div class=adr style=font-size:smaller><span class="fn org country-name"><a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a></span></div><tr><td><a href=/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg class=image><img alt="Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/125px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png width=125 height=125 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/188px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/250px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x"></a><tr><td style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid">This article is part of a series on the<br><span style=font-weight:bold><a href=/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States title="Politics of the United States">politics and government of<br>the United States</a></span><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left">Legislature</div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives title="United States House of Representatives">House</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Party leaders</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate title="United States Senate">Senate</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Party leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left">Executive</div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><strong class=selflink>President</strong></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies title="List of United States federal agencies">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left">Judiciary</div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of Appeals</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_district_court title="United States district court">District Courts</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_midterm_election title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Off-year_election title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States) title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Third_party_(United_States) title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States title="State governments of the United States">State government</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors title="List of current United States governors">Governors</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States) title="State legislature (United States)">Legislatures</a> (<a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures title="List of United States state legislatures">List</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/State_court_(United_States) title="State court (United States)">State courts</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:.3em .4em;font-weight:700;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class=hlist style=text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal><ul><li><span style=font-size:90%><a href=/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></span></li><li><span style=font-size:90%><a href=//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="commons:Atlas of the United States">Atlas</a></span></li></ul><p><span style=font-size:90%><a href=/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg class=image><img alt="Portal icon" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png width=16 height=16 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x"></a> <a href=/wiki/Portal:Politics title=Portal:Politics>Politics portal</a></span></p></div><tr><td style=text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top:.6em;><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States title="Template:Politics of the United States"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_States title="Template talk:Politics of the United States"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_the_United_States&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li></ul></div></table><p>In 1776, the <a href=/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, acting through the <a href=/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, declared political independence from <a href=/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> during the <a href=/wiki/American_Revolution title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The new states, though independent of each other as <a href=/wiki/Nation_state title="Nation state">nation states</a>,<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British.<sup id=cite_ref-Kelly_19-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Kelly-19><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a <a href=/wiki/Monarchy title=Monarchy>monarchy</a>, Congress negotiated the <a href=/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> to establish a weak alliance between the states.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> As a central authority, Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power; it could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens.<sup id=cite_ref-Kelly_19-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Kelly-19><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> This institutional design reflected the conception of how Americans believed the deposed British system of <a href=/wiki/The_Crown title="The Crown">Crown</a> and <a href=/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> ought to have functioned with respect to the royal <a href=/wiki/Dominion title=Dominion>dominion</a>: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.<sup id=cite_ref-Kelly_19-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Kelly-19><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly <a href=/wiki/Royal_prerogative title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a> (<i>e.g.</i>, making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress, while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments. Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1, 1781, when <a href=/wiki/Maryland title=Maryland>Maryland</a> became the final state to ratify them.</p><p>In 1783, the <a href=/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783) title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their <a href=/wiki/Hard_currency title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their <a href=/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> commerce preyed upon by <a href=/wiki/North_Africa title="North Africa">North African</a> <a href=/wiki/Barbary_pirates title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a>, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-3 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Civil and political unrest loomed.</p><p>Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between <a href=/wiki/Virginia title=Virginia>Virginia</a> and Maryland at the <a href=/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a> in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in <a href=/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the <a href=/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786) title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">convention</a> failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, the Annapolis delegates called for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in <a href=/wiki/Philadelphia title=Philadelphia>Philadelphia</a>. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until <a href=/wiki/James_Madison title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href=/wiki/Edmund_Randolph title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> succeeded in securing <a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-4 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-Beeman_20-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Beeman-20><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>When the <a href=/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States) title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (<a href=/wiki/Rhode_Island title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-5 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/New_York title="New York">New York</a> offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-6 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> emerged.</p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Powers_and_duties>Powers and duties</span></h2><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Article_I_legislative_role>Article I legislative role</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/220px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg width=220 height=147 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/330px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/440px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>Obama signing legislation at the <a href=/wiki/Resolute_desk title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></div></div></div><p>The first power the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> confers upon the president is the <a href=/wiki/Veto#United_States title=Veto>veto</a>. The <a href=/wiki/Presentment_Clause title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> requires any bill passed by <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:</p><ol><li>Sign the legislation; the bill then becomes law.</li><li>Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections; the bill does not become law, unless each house of Congress votes to override the veto by a two-thirds vote.</li><li>Take no action. In this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation. After 10 days, not counting Sundays, two possible outcomes emerge:<ul><li>If Congress is still convened, the bill becomes law.</li><li>If Congress has adjourned, thus preventing the return of the legislation, the bill does not become law. This latter outcome is known as the <a href=/wiki/Pocket_veto title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>.</li></ul></li></ol><p>In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the <a href=/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996 title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto Act</a>. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Once a president had stricken the item, Congress could pass that particular item again. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In <i><a href=/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i>, 524 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/524/417/case.html>417</a> (1998), the <a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Article_II_executive_powers>Article II executive powers</span></h3><h4><span class=mw-headline id=War_and_foreign_affairs_powers>War and foreign affairs powers</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:172px><a href=/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg width=170 height=223 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div><a href=/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the <a href=/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War) title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href=/wiki/American_Civil_War title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></div></div><p>Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is command of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> as its <a href=/wiki/Commander-in-chief title=Commander-in-chief>commander-in-chief</a>. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>) is normally exercised through the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, with assistance of the <a href=/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, to the <a href=/wiki/Combatant_Command title="Combatant Command" class=mw-redirect>Combatant Commands</a>, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<sup id=cite_ref-ucp_21-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-ucp-21><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-22 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-22><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-23 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-23><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; <a href=/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> explains this in <a href=/wiki/Federalist_No._69 title="Federalist No. 69">Federalist No. 69</a>:</p><blockquote class=templatequote><p>The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the <a href=/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British king</a> extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature.<sup id=cite_ref-24 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-24><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> [Emphasis in the original.]</p></blockquote><p>Congress, pursuant to the <a href=/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.<sup id=cite_ref-miller-center_25-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-miller-center-25><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov102_27-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov102-27><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including <a href=/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s military move into <a href=/wiki/Panama title=Panama>Panama</a> in 1903,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href=/wiki/Korean_War title="Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href=/wiki/Vietnam_War title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-3 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the invasions of <a href=/wiki/Grenada title=Grenada>Grenada</a> in 1983<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov101_28-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov101-28><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href=/wiki/Panama title=Panama>Panama</a> in 1990.<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov100_29-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov100-29><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Along with the armed forces, the president also directs <a href=/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a>. Through the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> and the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiates treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.</p><p>Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the 20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises.</p><h4><span class=mw-headline id=Administrative_powers>Administrative powers</span></h4><div class=quotebox style="float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em;width:25%;padding:6px;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;background-color:#F9F9F9"><div style=position:relative;text-align:left><div><p>Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.</p></div></div><div style=text-align:left><a href=/wiki/William_Rehnquist title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <i><a href=/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i>, <b>433 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/433/425/case.html>425</a> (1977)</b> (<a href=/wiki/Dissenting_opinion title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a>)</div></div><p>The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is <a href=/wiki/Take_Care_Clause title="Take Care Clause" class=mw-redirect>constitutionally obligated</a> to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed."<sup id=cite_ref-30 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-30><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.<sup id=cite_ref-31 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-31><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before he takes office and 8,000 more during his term. <a href=/wiki/Ambassador title=Ambassador>Ambassadors</a>, members of the <a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "<a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate#Checks_and_balances title="United States Senate">advice and consent</a>" of a majority of the Senate. Appointments made while the Senate is in recess are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.</p><p>The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove purely executive officials at his discretion.<sup id=cite_ref-32 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-32><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.<sup id=cite_ref-33 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-33><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The president additionally possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through <a href=/wiki/Executive_order title="Executive order">executive orders</a> that are grounded in <a href=/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States title="Law of the United States">federal law</a> or constitutionally granted executive power. Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation.</p><p>To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the <a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a>. Within the Executive Office, the President's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the <a href=/wiki/White_House_Office title="White House Office">White House Office</a>.</p><h4><span class=mw-headline id=Juridical_powers>Juridical powers</span></h4><p>The president also has the power to nominate <a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_judge title="United States federal judge">federal judges</a>, including members of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a> and the <a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. However, these nominations do require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to <a href=/wiki/United_States_district_court title="United States district court">U.S. district courts</a>, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of <a href=/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a>. Presidents may also grant <a href=/wiki/Pardon title=Pardon>pardons</a> and reprieves, as is often done just before the end of a presidential term, not without controversy.<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov12_34-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov12-34><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov11_35-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov11-35><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov10_36-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov10-36><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is <a href=/wiki/Executive_privilege title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. <a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a> first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see <a href=/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href=/wiki/John_Jay title="John Jay">John Jay</a>'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with <a href=/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the <a href=/wiki/Watergate_scandal title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href=/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i>, 418 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/418/683/case.html>683</a> (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> attempted to use executive privilege regarding the <a href=/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href=/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i>, 520 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/520/681/case.html>681</a> (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the <a href=/wiki/Precedent title=Precedent>legal precedent</a> that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<sup id=cite_ref-37 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-37><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:SOU2007.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/220px-SOU2007.jpg width=220 height=157 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/330px-SOU2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/440px-SOU2007.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:SOU2007.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>President <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> delivering the <a href=/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</a>, with <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href=/wiki/Dick_Cheney title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> and <a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href=/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> behind him</div></div></div><p>The <a href=/wiki/State_secrets_privilege title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</a> allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from <a href=/wiki/Discovery_(law) title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when <a href=/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> refused to release military documents in the <a href=/wiki/Treason title=Treason>treason</a> trial of <a href=/wiki/Aaron_Burr title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> and again in <i><a href=/wiki/Totten_v._United_States title="Totten v. United States">Totten v. United States</a></i> 92 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/105/case.html>105</a> (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<sup id=cite_ref-38 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-38><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until <i><a href=/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</a></i> 345 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/345/1/case.html>1</a> (1953), where it was held to be a <a href=/wiki/Common_law title="Common law">common law</a> <a href=/wiki/Evidence_(law) title="Evidence (law)">evidentiary</a> privilege.<sup id=cite_ref-ACS_39-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-ACS-39><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href=/wiki/September_11_attacks title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.<sup id=cite_ref-40 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-40><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit's</a> ruling in <i><a href=/wiki/Mohamed_et_al._v._Jeppesen_Dataplan,_Inc. title="Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.">Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</a></i>.<sup id=cite_ref-ACS_39-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-ACS-39><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-41 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-41><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-42 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-42><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<sup id=cite_ref-43 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-43><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-44 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-44><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h4><span class=mw-headline id=Legislative_facilitator>Legislative facilitator</span></h4><p>The Constitution's <a href=/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</a> prevents the President (and all other executive officers) from simultaneously being a member of <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce <a href=/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law) title="Bill (proposed law)" class=mw-redirect>legislative proposals</a> for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as the <a href=/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>, which often outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year.</p><p>In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of <a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies title="List of United States federal agencies">agencies</a> that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House."<sup id=cite_ref-tws28sep08_45-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws28sep08-45><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Presidents have been criticized for making <a href=/wiki/Signing_statements title="Signing statements" class=mw-redirect>signing statements</a> when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<sup id=cite_ref-tws04oct08_46-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws04oct08-46><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> This practice has been criticized by the <a href=/wiki/American_Bar_Association title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> as unconstitutional.<sup id=cite_ref-tws11nov301_47-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11nov301-47><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Conservative commentator <a href=/wiki/George_Will title="George Will">George Will</a> wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress."<sup id=cite_ref-tws28sep_48-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws28sep-48><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>According to <a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Calling_Congress_into_extraordinary_session.3B_adjourning_Congress title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3, Clause 2</a> of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Ceremonial_roles>Ceremonial roles</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/220px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg width=220 height=155 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/330px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/440px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>President <a href=/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> throwing out the ceremonial first ball on <a href=/wiki/Opening_Day title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>, 1916</div></div></div><p>As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. <a href=/wiki/William_Howard_Taft title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> started the tradition of throwing out the <a href=/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial first pitch</a> in 1910 at <a href=/wiki/Griffith_Stadium title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, Washington, D.C., on the <a href=/wiki/Minnesota_Twins#Washington_Nationals.2FSenators:_1901.E2.80.931960 title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators</a>' <a href=/wiki/Opening_Day title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>. Every president since Taft, except for <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the <a href=/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a>, or the <a href=/wiki/World_Series title="World Series">World Series</a>, usually with much fanfare.<sup id=cite_ref-49 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-49><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. <a href=/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> began in 1878 the first White House <a href=/wiki/White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll title="White House Easter Egg Roll" class=mw-redirect>egg rolling</a> for local children.<sup id=cite_ref-50 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-50><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1947 during the <a href=/wiki/Harry_S._Truman title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> administration, every <a href=/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States) title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual <a href=/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">national thanksgiving turkey presentation</a> held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.<sup id=cite_ref-Hesse_51-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Hesse-51><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since <a href=/wiki/James_Buchanan title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> traditionally give advice to their successor during the <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition title="United States presidential transition">presidential transition</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-52 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-52><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on <a href=/wiki/Inauguration_Day title="Inauguration Day" class=mw-redirect>Inauguration Day</a> for the incoming president.<sup id=cite_ref-53 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-53><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p><table class=mbox-small style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><div class=center><div class=floatnone><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png width=50 height=50 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x"></div></div><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style=line-height:1.1em><div class=haudio><div style="padding:2px 0" class=fn><a href=/wiki/File:Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg title="File:Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg">Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)</a></div><div style=padding-right:4px><div class=mediaContainer style=position:relative;display:block;width:220px><audio id=mwe_player_0 style=width:220px;height:23px poster=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png controls preload=none class=kskin data-durationhint=59.062857142857 data-startoffset=0 data-mwtitle=Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg data-mwprovider=wikimediacommons>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br>You can <a href=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Four_ruffles_and_flourishes%2C_hail_to_the_chief_%28long_version%29.ogg>download the clip</a> or <a href=//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download>download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div></div><hr><tr><td colspan=2 class=mbox-text style=line-height:1.1em><span style=font-size:smaller><i>Problems playing this file? See <a href=/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</i></span></table><p>During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a <a href=/wiki/State_Arrival_Ceremony title="State Arrival Ceremony">State Arrival Ceremony</a> held on the <a href=/wiki/South_Lawn title="South Lawn" class=mw-redirect>South Lawn</a>, a custom begun by <a href=/wiki/John_F._Kennedy title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961.<sup id=cite_ref-54 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-54><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> This is followed by a <a href=/wiki/White_House_State_Dinner title="White House State Dinner" class=mw-redirect>state dinner</a> given by the president which is held in the <a href=/wiki/State_Dining_Room title="State Dining Room">State Dining Room</a> later in the evening.<sup id=cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_55-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-55><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration <a href=/wiki/Public_relations title="Public relations">public relations</a> officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office."<sup id=cite_ref-tws11nov304_56-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11nov304-56><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted <a href=/wiki/Photo_op title="Photo op">photo-ops</a> of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<sup id=cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_57-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11novjopkl-57><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> One critic wrote the image of <a href=/wiki/John_F._Kennedy title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of <a href=/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109 title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT 109</a><sup id=cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_58-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11novfddxs-58><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<sup id=cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_59-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-59><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."<sup id=cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_60-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9novrfrff-60><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution>Critics of presidency's evolution</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=/wiki/Imperial_Presidency title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a></div><p>Most of the nation's <a href=/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> expected the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, which was the first branch of government described in the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive.<sup id=cite_ref-tws9nov09_61-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9nov09-61><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_62-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-62><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_63-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-63><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> unchecked, unbalanced,<sup id=cite_ref-tws9nov07_64-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9nov07-64><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> and "monarchist" in nature.<sup id=cite_ref-tws9nov08_65-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9nov08-65><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href=/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana D. Nelson</a> believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies."<sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-66><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> She criticizes proponents of the <a href=/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive</a> for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress."<sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-66><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Activist <a href=/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(activist) title="Bill Wilson (activist)">Bill Wilson</a> opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule."<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov06_67-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov06-67><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Selection_process>Selection process</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:172px><a href=/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/170px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg width=170 height=203 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/255px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/340px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div><a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first President of the United States</div></div></div><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Eligibility>Eligibility</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=/wiki/Age_of_candidacy title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></div><p><a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 5</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> sets the requirements to hold office. A president must:</p><ul><li>be a <a href=/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause title="Natural-born-citizen clause">natural-born citizen</a> of the United States;<sup id=cite_ref-68 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-68><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>be at least thirty-five years old;</li><li>have been a permanent <a href=/wiki/Residency_(domicile)#United_States_of_America title="Residency (domicile)">resident in the United States</a> for at least fourteen years.</li></ul><p>A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:</p><ul><li>Under the <a href=/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person who serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. Scholars disagree whether anyone no longer eligible to be elected president could be elected <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, pursuant to the qualifications set out under the <a href=/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-69 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-69><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Under <a href=/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment.3B_Punishment_on_conviction title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 7</a>, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding other federal offices, including the presidency.<sup id=cite_ref-70 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-70><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Under <a href=/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.</li></ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Campaigns_and_nomination>Campaigns and nomination</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primary</a>, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention</a>, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates title="United States presidential election debates">United States presidential election debates</a>, and <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a></div><p>The modern presidential campaign begins before the <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary title="United States presidential primary">primary elections</a>, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention title="United States presidential nominating convention">national nominating conventions</a>, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is <a href=/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics) title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber-stamped</a> by the convention.</p><p>Nominees participate in <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates title="United States presidential election debates">nationally televised debates</a>, and while the debates are usually restricted to the <a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href=/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States) title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as <a href=/wiki/Ross_Perot title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning <a href=/wiki/Swing_state title="Swing state">swing states</a> through frequent visits and <a href=/wiki/Mass_media title="Mass media">mass media</a> advertising drives.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Election_and_oath>Election and oath</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College (United States)</a> and <a href=/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">Oath of office of the President of the United States</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:Electoral_College_2012.svg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/220px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png width=220 height=128 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/330px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/440px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Electoral_College_2012.svg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>A map of the <a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a> showing the number of electoral votes allocated to each state following <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)#Apportionment title="Electoral College (United States)">reapportionment</a> based on the <a href=/wiki/2010_United_States_Census title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>; 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 overall</div></div></div><p>The president is elected <a href=/wiki/Indirect_election title="Indirect election">indirectly</a>. A number of electors, collectively known as the <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, officially select the president. On <a href=/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States) title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>, voters in each of the states and the <a href=/wiki/Washington,_D.C. title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.</p><p>The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president—acting in his capacity as <a href=/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States title="President of the Senate">President of the Senate</a>—and read aloud to a <a href=/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session</a> of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.</p><p>Pursuant to the <a href=/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a>, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a>, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the <a href=/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential oath</a>:</p><blockquote class=templatequote><p>I do solemnly swear (or <a href=/wiki/Affirmation_in_law title="Affirmation in law">affirm</a>) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.<sup id=cite_ref-71 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-71><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Although not required, presidents have traditionally palmed a <a href=/wiki/Bible title=Bible>Bible</a> while swearing the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath.<sup id=cite_ref-72 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-72><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Further, although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the <a href=/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Tenure_and_term_limits>Tenure and term limits</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:172px><a href=/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/170px-FDR_in_1933.jpg width=170 height=200 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/255px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/340px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div><a href=/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> was elected to four terms before the adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment</div></div></div><p>The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before <a href=/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of <a href=/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and <a href=/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to "<a href=/wiki/Draft_(politics) title="Draft (politics)">draft</a>" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered <a href=/wiki/World_War_II title="World War II">World War II</a>, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944.</p><p>After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the <a href=/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a> was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. <a href=/wiki/Harry_S._Truman title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who was president when the amendment was adopted, and so by the amendment's provisions exempt from its limitation, also briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952 title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952 election</a>.</p><p>Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: <a href=/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> has been elected to a second term. <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> sought a second term, but were defeated. <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. <a href=/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following <a href=/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy's assassination</a>. However, Johnson <a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1968#Johnson_withdraws title="Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1968" class=mw-redirect>withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary</a>, surprising many Americans. <a href=/wiki/Gerald_Ford title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Vacancy_or_disability>Vacancy or disability</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href=/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a>, <a href=/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a>, and <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States title="Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment in the United States</a></div><p>Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States#Senate title="Impeachment in the United States">removal from office</a>.</p><p><a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Impeachment title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 4</a> of the Constitution allows the <a href=/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." <a href=/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Trial_of_Impeachments title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 6</a> gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in 1868 and <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.</p><p>Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes <a href=/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, by transmitting a statement to the <a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> and the <a href=/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a> stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties when he transmits, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President <a href=/wiki/Dick_Cheney title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure which required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.<sup id=cite_ref-73 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-73><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the <a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.</p><p>The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president but does not regulate the form of such a resignation or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-74 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-74><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> This has only occurred once, when <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> delivered a letter to <a href=/wiki/Henry_Kissinger title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> to that effect.</p><p>The Constitution states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death or resignation of the preceding president. If the offices of president and vice president both are either vacant or have a disabled holder of that office, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession title="United States presidential line of succession">in a set order</a>. <a href=/wiki/Special_election title="Special election" class=mw-redirect>Special elections</a> are never held for the office of president.</p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Compensation>Compensation</span></h2><table class=wikitable style="float:right;margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex"><caption><b>Presidential pay history</b></caption><tr style=text-align:center><th>Date established<th>Salary<th>Salary in 2012<p>dollars</p><tr><td>September 24, 1789<td style=text-align:right>$25,000<td style=text-align:right>$673,451<tr><td>March 3, 1873<td style=text-align:right>$50,000<td style=text-align:right>$992,777<tr><td>March 4, 1909<td style=text-align:right>$75,000<td style=text-align:right>$1,954,850<tr><td>January 19, 1949<td style=text-align:right>$100,000<td style=text-align:right>$967,315<tr><td>January 20, 1969<td style=text-align:right>$200,000<td style=text-align:right>$1,254,610<tr><td>January 20, 2001<td style=text-align:right>$400,000<td style=text-align:right>$519,979<tr><td colspan=3 style=text-align:center>Sources:<sup id=cite_ref-salary_history_75-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-salary_history-75><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-dollar_calc_76-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-dollar_calc-76><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_77-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-77><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup></table><p>As of 2001, the president earns a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment.<sup id=cite_ref-salary_details_78-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-salary_details-78><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_79-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-79><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.</p><p>The <a href=/wiki/White_House title="White House">White House</a> in <a href=/wiki/Washington,_D.C. title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> serves as the official place of residence for the president; he is entitled to use its staff and facilities, including medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for dry cleaning and food that he, his family, and personal guests consume; the high food bill often amazes new residents.<sup id=cite_ref-bumiller200901_80-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-bumiller200901-80><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as <a href=/wiki/Camp_David title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, is a mountain-based military camp in <a href=/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</a> used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and his guests. <a href=/wiki/Blair_House title="Blair House">Blair House</a>, located next to the <a href=/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a> at the White House Complex and <a href=/wiki/Lafayette_Park_(Washington) title="Lafayette Park (Washington)" class=mw-redirect>Lafayette Park</a>, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m<sup>2</sup>) of floor space which serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.<sup id=cite_ref-81 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-81><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>For ground travel, the president uses the <a href=/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(United_States) title="Presidential State Car (United States)" class=mw-redirect>presidential state car</a>, which is an armored <a href=/wiki/Limousine title=Limousine>limousine</a> built on a heavily modified <a href=/wiki/Cadillac title=Cadillac>Cadillac</a>-based <a href=/wiki/Chassis title=Chassis>chassis</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-USSSPRL_82-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-USSSPRL-82><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> One of two identical <a href=/wiki/Boeing_VC-25 title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a> aircraft, which are extensively modified versions of <a href=/wiki/Boeing_747 title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>-200B airliners, serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as <i><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_One title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></i> while the president is on board (although any military aircraft the President is aboard is designated Air Force One for the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated <a href=/wiki/Executive_One title="Executive One">Executive One</a> for the flight.<sup id=cite_ref-af1_83-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-af1-83><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-84 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-84><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> The president also has a fleet of thirty-five <a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> helicopters at his disposal of varying models, designated <i><a href=/wiki/Marine_One title="Marine One">Marine One</a></i> when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would-be threats.</p><p>The <a href=/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> is charged with protecting the sitting president and the <a href=/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States title="First Family of the United States">first family</a>. As part of their protection, presidents, <a href=/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States title="First Lady of the United States">first ladies</a>, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned <a href=/wiki/Secret_Service_codename title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codenames</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-junior_85-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-junior-85><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely <a href=/wiki/Encrypted title=Encrypted class=mw-redirect>encrypted</a>; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.<sup id=cite_ref-cbs-codenames_86-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-cbs-codenames-86><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"><li class=gallerycaption>Presidential Amenities</li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:19.5px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG/150px-WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG width=150 height=111></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p>The <a href=/wiki/White_House title="White House">White House</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:25px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Camp_David_1959.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_David_1959.jpg/150px-Camp_David_1959.jpg width=150 height=100></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Camp_David title="Camp David">Camp David</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:18.5px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Blair_House_daylight.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blair_House_daylight.jpg/150px-Blair_House_daylight.jpg width=150 height=113></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Blair_House title="Blair House">Blair House</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:23.5px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/150px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg width=150 height=103></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(United_States) title="Presidential State Car (United States)" class=mw-redirect>Presidential State Car</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/149px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg width=149 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_One title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Marine_One_(1970).jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marine_One_%281970%29.jpg/150px-Marine_One_%281970%29.jpg width=150 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Marine_One title="Marine One">Marine One</a></p></div></div></li></ul><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Post-presidency>Post-presidency</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/220px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg width=220 height=175 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/330px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/440px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>Presidents <a href=/wiki/Gerald_Ford title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> dedicate the <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in 1991</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg class=image><img alt="Group portrait of five presidential men in dark suits and ties" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg width=220 height=158 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>Presidents <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, with President-elect <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href=/wiki/Oval_Office title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on January 7, 2009</div></div></div><p>Beginning in 1959, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which is $199,700 each year as of 2012.<sup id=cite_ref-87 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-87><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect <a href=/wiki/Congressional_pension title="Congressional pension">congressional pensions</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-88 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-88><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href=/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a>, as amended, also provides former presidents with travel funds and <a href=/wiki/Franking title=Franking>franking</a> privileges. Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.<sup id=cite_ref-89 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-89><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-90 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-90><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<sup id=cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-secretservice.gov-91><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him, <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and all subsequent presidents.<sup id=cite_ref-92 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-92><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection.<sup id=cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-secretservice.gov-91><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include <a href=/wiki/William_Howard_Taft title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>'s tenure as <a href=/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> and <a href=/wiki/Herbert_Hoover title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s work on government reorganization after <a href=/wiki/World_War_II title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: <a href=/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and <a href=/wiki/Andrew_Johnson title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> returned to the Senate in 1875. <a href=/wiki/John_Tyler title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> served in the provisional <a href=/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress of the Confederate States</a> during the <a href=/wiki/American_Civil_War title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.</p><p>Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<sup id=cite_ref-apreaction19810331_93-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-apreaction19810331-93><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_94-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-4presidentsphotos-94><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<sup id=cite_ref-95 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-95><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> has become a global <a href=/wiki/Human_rights title="Human rights">human rights</a> campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the <a href=/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American <a href=/wiki/Journalist title=Journalist>journalists</a>, <a href=/wiki/Laura_Ling title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</a> and <a href=/wiki/Euna_Lee title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a>, from <a href=/wiki/North_Korea title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife <a href=/wiki/Hillary_Clinton title="Hillary Clinton" class=mw-redirect>Hillary</a> on her <a href=/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2008 title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008">presidential bid</a> and President Obama on his <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012 title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012">reelection campaign</a>.</p><p>Currently there are four living former presidents:</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"><li class=gallerycaption>Living former presidents</li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Carter_cropped.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/93px-Carter_cropped.jpg width=93 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> (D)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 1977–1981</small></div></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg/90px-43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg width=90 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b> (R)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 1989–1993</small></div></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/92px-Bill_Clinton.jpg width=92 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> (D)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 1993–2001</small></div></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GeorgeWBush.jpg/96px-GeorgeWBush.jpg width=96 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></b> (R)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 2001–2009</small></div></div></div></li></ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Presidential_libraries>Presidential libraries</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=/wiki/Presidential_library title="Presidential library">Presidential library</a></div><p>Since <a href=/wiki/Herbert_Hoover title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, each president has created a <a href=/wiki/Institutional_repository title="Institutional repository">repository</a> known as a <a href=/wiki/Presidential_library title="Presidential library">presidential library</a> for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the <a href=/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.<sup id=cite_ref-96 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-96><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations, such as the <a href=/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by the State of <a href=/wiki/Illinois title=Illinois>Illinois</a>.</p><p>As many presidents live for many years after leaving office, several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries, some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document, such as the <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href=/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a> and the <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in <a href=/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley, California</a>. The graves are viewable by the general public visiting these libraries.</p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=See_also>See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em"><table style=background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px><tr valign=middle><td style=text-align:center><a href=/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg class=image><img alt="Portal icon" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/28px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png width=28 height=28 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/42px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/56px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x"></a><td style="padding:0 .2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href=/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States title="Portal:Government of the United States">Government of the United States portal</a></table></div><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency>Lists relating to the United States presidency</span></h3><p><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States</a></p><div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style=-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2><div class=CategoryTreeTag data-ct-mode=10 data-ct-options={"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false}><script id=ct-1-6324>categoryTreeLoadChildren("Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency",{mode:10,hideprefix:20,showcount:!1,namespaces:!1,depth:1},document.getElementById("ct-1-6324").parentNode);</script></div></div><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Categories>Categories</span></h3><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_history title="Category:United States presidential history">Category:United States presidential history</a></li></ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Articles>Articles</span></h3><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Imperial_Presidency title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a></li><li><i><a href=/wiki/The_Imperial_Presidency title="The Imperial Presidency">The Imperial Presidency</a></i></li><li><a href=/wiki/Imperiled_presidency title="Imperiled presidency">Imperiled presidency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 Coin Program</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Second-term_curse title="Second-term curse">Second-term curse</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">United States presidential line of succession in fiction</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></li></ul><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Notes>Notes</span></h2><div class=reflist style=list-style-type:decimal><ol class=references><li id=cite_note-68><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-68>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Foreign-born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency. However, this allowance has since become obsolete.</span></li></ol></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=References>References</span></h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style=-moz-column-width:30em;-webkit-column-width:30em;column-width:30em;list-style-type:decimal><ol class=references><li id=cite_note-1><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-1>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF">"How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 2, 1891.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=How+To+Address+The+President%3B+He+Is+Not+Your+Excellency+Or+Your+Honor%2C+But+Mr.+President&rft.date=August+2%2C+1891&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-2><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-2>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html>"USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4"</a>. Usgs.gov. 2007-07-18<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2012-11-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=USGS+Correspondence+Handbook+-+Chapter+4&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fusgs-manual%2Fhandbook%2Fhb%2F431-2-h%2Fchap4.html&rft.pub=Usgs.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-3><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-3>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm>"Models of Address and Salutation"</a>. Ita.doc.gov<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Models+of+Address+and+Salutation&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita.doc.gov%2Fita_sec%2FAddress%2520and%2520Salutation.htm&rft.pub=Ita.doc.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-4><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-4>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf>HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS</a>, Protocol and Liaison Service, <a href=/wiki/United_Nations title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</span></li><li id=cite_note-5><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-5>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim>"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"</a>. <i>WhiteHouse.gov</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved July 19, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama%2C+President+Mubarak%2C+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah%2C+Prime+Minister+Netanyahu+and+President+Abbas+Before+Working+Dinner&rft.aulast=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft.au=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft.date=September+1%2C+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fremarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim&rft.jtitle=WhiteHouse.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-6><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-6>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020>"Exchange of Letters"</a>. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. September 1978<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved July 19, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Exchange+of+Letters&rft.date=September+1978&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fwcm%2Fcontent%2Fsite%2Fpalestine%2Fcache%2Foffonce%2Fpid%2F12020&rft.pub=Permanent+Observer+Mission+of+Palestine+to+the+United+Nations&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-7><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-7>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Safire, William, <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"On language: POTUS and FLOTUS," New York Times, October 12, 1997</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2012.</span></li><li id=cite_note-8><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-8>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Noer, Michael; Perlroth, Nicole (November 11, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html>"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Noer&rft.au=Noer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Perlroth%2C+Nicole&rft.date=November+11%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F09%2Fworld-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-9><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-9>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html>"The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel"</a>. Lasentinel.net<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Most+Powerful+Man+in+the+World+is+a+Black+Man+%E2%80%93+The+Los+Angeles+Sentinel&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasentinel.net%2FThe-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html&rft.pub=Lasentinel.net&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-10><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-10>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world>"Who should be the world's most powerful person?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London). January 3, 2008.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Who+should+be+the+world%27s+most+powerful+person%3F&rft.date=January+3%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjan%2F03%2Fuselections2008.world&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-11><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-11>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Jon Meacham (December 20, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html>"Meacham: The History of Power"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Meacham%3A+The+History+of+Power&rft.au=Jon+Meacham&rft.aulast=Jon+Meacham&rft.date=December+20%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Fthe-story-of-power.html&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-12><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-12>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Fareed Zakaria (December 20, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html>"The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+NEWSWEEK+50%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.au=Fareed+Zakaria&rft.aulast=Fareed+Zakaria&rft.date=December+20%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2F1-barack-obama.html&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-13><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-13>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html>"Transcript of the Constitution of the United States – Official"</a>. Archives.gov<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Official&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_transcript.html&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-14><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-14>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3038511>The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power,' Henry Jones Ford, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 5, Fifth Annual Meeting (1908)</a> Retrieved March 17, 2010</span></li><li id=cite_note-15><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-15>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation journal">Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). "The President's Legislative Agenda". <i>Philippinesfdgdg dfd gdgdf gdgfdg dgfdfg dfgfd gdf gsfdg fdgdsg</i> <b>499</b>: 22–35. <a href=/wiki/Digital_object_identifier title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716288499001002>10.1177/0002716288499001002</a> .</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Legislative+Agenda&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.aulast=Pfiffner&rft.au=Pfiffner%2C+J.+P.&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716288499001002&rft.jtitle=Philippinesfdgdg+dfd+gdgdf+gdgfdg+dgfdfg+dfgfd+gdf+gsfdg+fdgdsg&rft.pages=22%E2%80%9335&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=499" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> <span class="plainlinks noprint" style=font-size:smaller><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.2307.2F1045815&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li><li id=cite_note-16><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-16>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/">Our Government • The Executive Branch</a>, The White House</span></li><li id=cite_note-the_presidency-17><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-the_presidency_17-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/">"The Executive Branch"</a>. <a href=/wiki/Whitehouse.gov title=Whitehouse.gov class=mw-redirect>Whitehouse.gov</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 27, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Executive+Branch&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Four_government%2Fexecutive_branch%2F&rft.pub=Whitehouse.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span>. <a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice; as the 22nd and 24th presidents.</span></li><li id=cite_note-Milkis-18><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-2><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-3><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-4><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-5><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-6><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). <i>The American Presidency: Origins and Development</i> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 1–25. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7 title=Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7>0-87289-336-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&rft.aulast=Milkis&rft.au=Milkis%2C+Sidney+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency%3A+Origins+and+Development&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87289-336-7&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9325&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-Kelly-19><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-Kelly_19-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Kelly_19-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Kelly_19-2><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991). <i>The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development</i> <b>I</b> (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76–81. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0 title=Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0>0-393-96056-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Belz%2C+Herman&rft.aufirst=Alfred+H.&rft.au=Harbison%2C+Winfred+A.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Alfred+H.&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.btitle=The+American+Constitution%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-96056-0&rft.pages=76%E2%80%9381&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=I" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-Beeman-20><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-Beeman_20-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">Beeman, Richard (2009). <i>Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution</i>. New York: Random House. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3 title=Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3>0-8129-7684-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Beeman%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.btitle=Plain%2C+Honest+Men%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Constitution&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8129-7684-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-ucp-21><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-ucp_21-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></i>. April 8, 2011<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved February 25, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=DOD+Releases+Unified+Command+Plan+2011&rft.date=April+8%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D14398&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-22><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-22>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/10/164.html>§ 164</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-23><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-23>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2">About the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</span></li><li id=cite_note-24><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-24>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>. <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm><i>The Federalist</i> #69</a> (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</span></li><li id=cite_note-miller-center-25><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-miller-center_25-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report>"The National War Powers Commission Report"</a> (PDF). The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved December 15, 2010</span>. "No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report “pursuant” to these triggering provisions."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Baker%2C+III&rft.au=Christopher%2C+James+A.&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.btitle=The+National+War+Powers+Commission+Report&rft.date=July+8%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpolicy%2Fcommissions%2Fwarpowers%2Freport&rft.pub=The+Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws12novef-26><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-2><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-3><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html>"The Law: The President's War Powers"</a>. <i>Time</i>. June 1, 1970<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+The+President%27s+War+Powers&rft.date=June+1%2C+1970&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878290%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov102-27><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov102_27-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html>"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.au=Alison+Mitchell&rft.aulast=Alison+Mitchell&rft.date=May+2%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov101-28><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov101_28-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html>"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.au=Alison+Mitchell&rft.aulast=Alison+Mitchell&rft.date=May+2%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov100-29><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov100_29-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Michael R. Gordon (December 20, 1990). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article>"U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=U.S.+troops+move+in+panama+in+effort+to+seize+noriega%3B+gunfire+is+heard+in+capital&rft.aulast=Michael+R.+Gordon&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gordon&rft.date=December+20%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1220.html%23article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-30><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-30>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3>"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"</a>. <i>law.cornell.edu</i>. Legal Information Institute. 2012<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 7, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Article+II%2C+Section+3%2C+U.S.+Constitution&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii%23section3&rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-31><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-31>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch>"The Executive Branch"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_White_House title="The White House" class=mw-redirect>The White House</a> website</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 17, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Executive+Branch&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Four-government%2Fexecutive-branch&rft.jtitle=The+White+House+website&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-32><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-32>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><i>Shurtleff v. United States</i>, 189 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/189/311/case.html>311</a> (1903); <i><a href=/wiki/Myers_v._United_States title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, 272 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/272/52/case.html>52</a> (1926).</span></li><li id=cite_note-33><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-33>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><i><a href=/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i>, 295 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/295/602/case.html>602</a> (1935) and <i><a href=/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a></i>, 487 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/487/654/case.html>654</a> (1988), respectively.</span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov12-34><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov12_34-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">David Johnston (December 24, 1992). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html>"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span style=padding-right:.2em>'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.au=David+Johnston&rft.aulast=David+Johnston&rft.date=December+24%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov11-35><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov11_35-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">David Johnston (December 24, 1992). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html>"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span style=padding-right:.2em>'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.au=David+Johnston&rft.aulast=David+Johnston&rft.date=December+24%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov10-36><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov10_36-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Peter Eisler (March 7, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm>"Clinton-papers release blocked"</a>. USA TODAY<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Peter+Eisler&rft.au=Peter+Eisler&rft.btitle=Clinton-papers+release+blocked&rft.date=March+7%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm&rft.pub=USA+TODAY&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-37><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-37>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html>"Executive Privilege 101"</a>. Center for American Progress<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Millhiser%2C+Ian&rft.au=Millhiser%2C+Ian&rft.btitle=Executive+Privilege+101&rft.date=June+1%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2F2010%2F06%2Fexecutive_privilege.html&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-38><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-38>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html>"Part III of the opinion in <i>Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan'<span style=padding-right:.2em>'</span>"</i></a>. Caselaw.findlaw.com<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 29, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Part+III+of+the+opinion+in+%27%27Mohamed+v.+Jeppesen+Dataplan%27%27&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-9th-circuit%2F1537579.html&rft.pub=Caselaw.findlaw.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-ACS-39><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-ACS_39-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-ACS_39-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.acslaw.org/Advance%20Spring%2009/Reforming%20the%20State%20Secrets%20Privilege.pdf>"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. American Constitution Society<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Florence%2C+Justin&rft.au=Frost%2C+Amanda&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.btitle=Reforming+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acslaw.org%2FAdvance%2520Spring%252009%2FReforming%2520the%2520State%2520Secrets%2520Privilege.pdf&rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-40><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-40>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation journal">Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (The Academy of Political Science) <b>120</b> (1): 85–112. "Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=State+Secrets+and+Executive+Power&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.au=Pallitto%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+William+G.&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.pages=85%E2%80%93112&rft.pub=The+Academy+of+Political+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=120" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-41><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-41>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html>"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_New_York_Times title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Court+Dismisses+a+Case+Asserting+Torture+by+C.I.A&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.au=Savage%2C+Charlie&rft.date=September+8%2C+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2F09secrets.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-42><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-42>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Finn, Peter (September 9, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html>"Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_Washington_Post title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Suit+dismissed+against+firm+in+CIA+rendition+case&rft.au=Finn%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.date=September+9%2C+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F08%2FAR2010090807334.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-43><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-43>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Greenwald, Glenn (February 10, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama>"The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+180-degree+reversal+of+Obama%27s+State+Secrets+position&rft.au=Greenwald%2C+Glenn&rft.aulast=Greenwald%2C+Glenn&rft.date=February+10%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fglenn_greenwald%2F2009%2F02%2F10%2Fobama&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-44><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-44>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">American Civil Liberties Union (January 31, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege>"Background on the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. ACLU<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.aulast=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.btitle=Background+on+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.date=January+31%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fnational-security%2Fbackground-state-secrets-privilege&rft.pub=ACLU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws28sep08-45><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws28sep08_45-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Eric Cantor (July 30, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html>"Obama's 32 Czars"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+32+Czars&rft.au=Eric+Cantor&rft.aulast=Eric+Cantor&rft.date=July+30%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F29%2FAR2009072902624.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws04oct08-46><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws04oct08_46-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story>"The 'unitary executive' question"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 4, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+%27unitary+executive%27+question&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.date=October+11%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11nov301-47><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11nov301_47-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Transcript – Ray Suarez and others (July 24, 2006). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html>"President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns"</a>. PBS Online NewsHour<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements," which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Transcript+%E2%80%93+Ray+Suarez+and+others&rft.au=Transcript+%E2%80%93+Ray+Suarez+and+others&rft.btitle=President%27s+Use+of+%27Signing+Statements%27+Raises+Constitutional+Concerns&rft.date=July+24%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fwhite_house%2Fjuly-dec06%2Fsigning_07-24.html&rft.pub=PBS+Online+NewsHour&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws28sep-48><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws28sep_48-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">George F. Will – op-ed columnist (December 21, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html>"Making Congress Moot"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Making+Congress+Moot&rft.au=George+F.+Will+%E2%80%93+op-ed+columnist&rft.aulast=George+F.+Will+%E2%80%93+op-ed+columnist&rft.date=December+21%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2FAR2008121902929.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-49><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-49>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Duggan, Paul (April 2, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html>"Balking at the First Pitch"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_Washington_Post title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A01.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Balking+at+the+First+Pitch&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.date=April+2%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F04%2F01%2FAR2007040101262.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.pages=A01&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-50><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-50>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Grier, Peter (April 25, 2011). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/DC-Decoder/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll>"The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 6, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+%28not+so%29+secret+history+of+the+White+House+Easter+Egg+Roll&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grier%2C+Peter&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.date=April+25%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2FDC-Decoder%2F2011%2F0425%2FThe-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-Hesse-51><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-Hesse_51-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Hesse, Monica (November 21, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112002331_4.html?sub=AR&sid=ST2007112002354">"Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 14, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Turkey+Pardons%2C+The+Stuffing+of+Historic+Legend&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft.au=Hesse%2C+Monica&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.date=November+21%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F20%2FAR2007112002331_4.html%3Fsub%3DAR%26sid%3DST2007112002354&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-52><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-52>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Gibbs, Nancy (November 13, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html>"How Presidents Pass The Torch"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/Time_magazine title="Time magazine" class=mw-redirect>Time</a></i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 6, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=How+Presidents+Pass+The+Torch&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Nancy&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.date=November+13%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1858896%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-53><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-53>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dorning, Mike (January 22, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/news/1232616798110550.xml&coll=2">"A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/Chicago_Tribune title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 6, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=A+note+from+Bush+starts+morning+in+the+Oval+Office&rft.au=Dorning%2C+Mike&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Dorning&rft.date=January+22%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Fplaindealer%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml%26coll%3D2&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-54><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-54>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">James A. Abbott and Elaine M. Rice (1998). <i>Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration</i>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–10. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-02532-7 title=Special:BookSources/0-442-02532-7>0-442-02532-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=James+A.+Abbott+and+Elaine+M.+Rice&rft.aulast=James+A.+Abbott+and+Elaine+M.+Rice&rft.btitle=Designing+Camelot%3A+The+Kennedy+White+House+Restoration&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-442-02532-7&rft.pages=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-55><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_55-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_press/press_archives/whha_info-statedinner.pdf>"The White House State Dinner"</a>. <i>The White House Historical Association</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 14, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+White+House+State+Dinner&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fwhha_press%2Fpress_archives%2Fwhha_info-statedinner.pdf&rft.jtitle=The+White+House+Historical+Association&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11nov304-56><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11nov304_56-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Rachel Dykoski (November 1, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all">"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy<span style=padding-right:.2em>"</span>"</a>. Twin Cities Daily Planet<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Rachel+Dykoski&rft.au=Rachel+Dykoski&rft.btitle=Book+note%3A+Presidential+idolatry+is+%22Bad+for+Democracy%22&rft.date=November+1%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fbook-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html%3Fmini%3Deventcalendar%2F2009%2F02%2Fall&rft.pub=Twin+Cities+Daily+Planet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11novjopkl-57><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_57-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">John Neffinger (April 2, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html>"Democrats vs. <i>Science</i>: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Democrats+vs.+%27%27Science%27%27%3A+Why+We%27re+So+Damn+Good+at+Losing+Elections&rft.au=John+Neffinger&rft.aulast=John+Neffinger&rft.date=April+2%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-neffinger%2Fdemocrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11novfddxs-58><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_58-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&source=bl&ots=BQX6dXpTNw&sig=qbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI&hl=en&ei=ZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6 title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6>978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.btitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26pg%3DPA57%26lpg%3DPA57%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DBQX6dXpTNw%26sig%3Dqbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CA8Q6AEwAg%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-59><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_59-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&q=kennedy#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6 title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6>978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of image... (p.54)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.btitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26q%3Dkennedy%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9novrfrff-60><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_60-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Lexington (July 21, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm>"The Cult of the Presidency"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Presidency&rft.aulast=Lexington&rft.au=Lexington&rft.date=July+21%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Flexington%2F2009%2F07%2Fthe_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9nov09-61><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9nov09_61-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html>"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "the founding fathers had 'scant affection for strong executives' like England’s king, and ... Bush White House’s claims are rooted in ideas “about the ‘divine’ right of kings” ... and that certainly did not find their 'way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.'"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&rft.aulast=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.date=July+6%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-62><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_62-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-sirota/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html>"The Conquest of Presidentialism"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. August 22, 2008<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 20, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Presidentialism&rft.date=August+22%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-sirota%2Fthe-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-63><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_63-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">interview by David Schimke (September–October 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx>"Presidential Power to the People – Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch"</a>. <i>Utne Reader</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 20, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Presidential+Power+to+the+People+%E2%80%93+Author+Dana+D.+Nelson+on+why+democracy+demands+that+the+next+president+be+taken+down+a+notch&rft.au=interview+by+David+Schimke&rft.aulast=interview+by+David+Schimke&rft.date=September-October+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2F2008-09-01%2FPolitics%2FPresidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx&rft.jtitle=Utne+Reader&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9nov07-64><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9nov07_64-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Ross Linker (September 27, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2007/09/27/NewsFeatures/Critical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml>"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite"</a>. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Ross+Linker&rft.au=Ross+Linker&rft.btitle=Critical+of+Presidency%2C+Prof.+Ginsberg+and+Crenson+unite&rft.date=September+27%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.jhunewsletter.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper932%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F27%2FNewsFeatures%2FCritical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml&rft.pub=The+Johns-Hopkins+Newsletter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9nov08-65><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9nov08_65-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html>"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&rft.aulast=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.date=July+6%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-66><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story>"Opinion–The 'unitary executive' question – What do McCain and Obama think of the concept?"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 21, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Opinion%E2%80%93The+%27unitary+executive%27+question+%E2%80%93+What+do+McCain+and+Obama+think+of+the+concept%3F&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.date=October+11%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov06-67><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov06_67-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Scott Shane (September 25, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html>"A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama’s Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. 'I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them,' Mr. Wilson, the group’s president, tells his eager researchers."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=A+Critic+Finds+Obama+Policies+a+Perfect+Target&rft.aulast=Scott+Shane&rft.au=Scott+Shane&rft.date=September+25%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F26activist.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-69><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-69>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>See: <span class="citation journal">Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". <i>Minnesota Law Review</i> (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Law Review) <b>83</b> (565).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Twice+and+Future+President%3A+Constitutional+Interstices+and+the+Twenty-Second+Amendment&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.au=Gant%2C+Scott+E.&rft.aulast=Peabody&rft.au=Peabody%2C+Bruce+G.&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=565&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=83" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span>; alternatively, see: <span class="citation journal">Albert, Richard (2005). "The Evolving Vice Presidency". <i>Temple Law Review</i> (Philadelphia, PA: <a href=/wiki/Temple_University title="Temple University">Temple University</a> of the <a href=/wiki/Commonwealth_System_of_Higher_Education title="Commonwealth System of Higher Education">Commonwealth System of Higher Education</a>) <b>78</b> (811, at 856–9).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Vice+Presidency&rft.au=Albert%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=811%2C+at+856%E2%80%939&rft.jtitle=Temple+Law+Review&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Temple+University+of+the+Commonwealth+System+of+Higher+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=78" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-70><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-70>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>See <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/browse2002.html#2002>GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution, 2002 Ed.</a>, at 611 & nn.772–73.</span></li><li id=cite_note-71><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-71>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8.</span></li><li id=cite_note-72><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-72>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28663712/ns/politics-inauguration/t/judge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath/">"Judge doesn't ban "God" in inaugural oath"</a>. <a href=/wiki/Associated_Press title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 15, 2009<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 18, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Judge+doesn%27t+ban+%22God%22+in+inaugural+oath&rft.date=January+15%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F28663712%2Fns%2Fpolitics-inauguration%2Ft%2Fjudge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-73><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-73>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Guardian, "<a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/20/usa.dickcheney>Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge</a>", July 20, 2007</span></li><li id=cite_note-74><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-74>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/3/20.html>§ 20</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-salary_history-75><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-salary_history_75-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606213444/http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/">"Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries, 1789+"</a>. <a href=/wiki/University_of_Michigan title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Archived from <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/">the original</a> on June 6, 2011<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Salaries%2C+1789%2B&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Fnode%2F11736%2F&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-dollar_calc-76><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-dollar_calc_76-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/#>Relative Value in US Dollars</a>. <i>Measuring Worth</i>. Retrieved May 30, 2006.</span></li><li id=cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-77><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_77-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl#>Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator</a>. <i>Inflation Calculator</i>. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</span></li><li id=cite_note-salary_details-78><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-salary_details_78-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://people.howstuffworks.com/question449.htm>"How much does the U.S. president get paid?"</a>. <i>Howstuffworks</i>. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</span></li><li id=cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-79><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_79-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf>Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet</a>. <i>United States Senate</i> website. Retrieved August 6, 2009.</span></li><li id=cite_note-bumiller200901-80><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-bumiller200901_80-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Bumiller, Elizabeth (January 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/01/president/bumiller-text>"Inside the Presidency"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved June 24, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&rft.date=January+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fprint%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-81><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-81>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/buildingView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=/ep/channel/gsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-25241&bid=724">"President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 30, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=President%27s+Guest+House+%28includes+Lee+House+and+Blair+House%29%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsa.gov%2FPortal%2Fgsa%2Fep%2FbuildingView.do%3FpageTypeId%3D17109%26channelPage%3D%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp%26channelId%3D-25241%26bid%3D724&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-USSSPRL-82><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-USSSPRL_82-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf>New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet</a> US Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009</span></li><li id=cite_note-af1-83><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-af1_83-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehouse.gov/whmo/af1.html>Air Force One</a>. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</span></li><li id=cite_note-84><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-84>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Any <a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> aircraft carrying the president will use the <a href=/wiki/Call_sign title="Call sign">call sign</a> "Air Force One." Similarly, "<a href=/wiki/Navy_One title="Navy One">Navy One</a>", "<a href=/wiki/Army_One title="Army One">Army One</a>", and "<a href=/wiki/Coast_Guard_One title="Coast Guard One">Coast Guard One</a>" are the call signs used if the presidenet is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "<a href=/wiki/Executive_One title="Executive One">Executive One</a>" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.</span></li><li id=cite_note-junior-85><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-junior_85-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm>"Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names"</a>. <a href=/wiki/National_Park_Service title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 18, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Junior+Secret+Service+Program%3A+Assignment+7.+Code+Names&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Feise%2Fsecret16.htm&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-cbs-codenames-86><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-cbs-codenames_86-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073">"Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail"</a>. <a href=/wiki/CBS title=CBS>CBS</a>. September 16, 2008<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 12, 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Candidate+Code+Names+Secret+Service+Monikers+Used+On+The+Campaign+Trail&rft.date=September+16%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F09%2F16%2Fearlyshow%2Fmain4452073.shtml%3Fsource%3DRSSattr%3DPolitics_4452073&rft.pub=CBS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-87><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-87>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Schwemle, Barbara L. (October 17, 2012). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf>"President of the United States: Compensation"</a>. Congressional Research Service<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 10, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&rft.aulast=Schwemle&rft.au=Schwemle%2C+Barbara+L.&rft.btitle=President+of+the+United+States%3A+Compensation&rft.date=October+17%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS20115.pdf&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-88><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-88>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html>"Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_Blade_(newspaper) title="The Blade (newspaper)">Toledo Blade</a></i>. January 7, 2007<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 22, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Former+presidents+cost+U.S.+taxpayers+big+bucks&rft.date=January+7%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2FPolitics%2F2007%2F01%2F07%2FFormer-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-89><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-89>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/3056.html>§ 3056</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-90><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-90>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html>"Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses"</a>. The Associated Press. January 10, 2013<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 10, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Obama+signs+bill+granting+lifetime+Secret+Service+protection+to+former+presidents+and+spouses&rft.date=January+10%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fc4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html&rft.pub=The+Associated+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-secretservice.gov-91><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external free" href=http://www.secretservice.gov/protection.shtml>http://www.secretservice.gov/protection.shtml</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-92><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-92>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all">"Obama signs protection bill for former presidents"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. January 10, 2013<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 14, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Obama+signs+protection+bill+for+former+presidents&rft.date=January+10%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjan%2F10%2Finside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-apreaction19810331-93><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-apreaction19810331_93-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618">"Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States"</a>. Associated Press. March 31, 1981<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved March 11, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Shock+and+Anger+Flash+Throughout+the+United+States&rft.date=March+31%2C+1981&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTE4tAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DbM4FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dreagan%2520assassination%25201981%26pg%3D1392%252C4423618&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-4presidentsphotos-94><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_94-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html>"FOUR PRESIDENTS"</a>. Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved April 3, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=FOUR+PRESIDENTS&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fphotographs%2Ffour.html&rft.pub=Reagan+Presidential+Library%2C+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-95><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-95>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/RichardNixon/">Biography of Richard M. Nixon</a>, The White House</span></li><li id=cite_note-96><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-96>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_44_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 44 of the United States Code">44 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/44/2112.html>§ 2112</a></span></li></ol></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Further_reading>Further reading</span></h2><div class=refbegin><ul><li><span class="citation journal"><a href=/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</a> (January 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/president/bumiller-text>"Inside the Presidency"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine title="National Geographic Magazine" class=mw-redirect>National Geographic</a></i> <b>215</b> (1): 130–149.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elisabeth&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.date=January+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.pages=130%E2%80%93149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=215" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li>Couch, Ernie. <i>Presidential Trivia.</i> Rutledge Hill Press. March 1, 1996. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558534121 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55853-412-1</a></li><li>Lang, J. Stephen. <i>The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia.</i> Pelican Publishing. September 2001. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565548779 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56554-877-9</a></li><li>Leonard Leo, James Taranto, and William J. Bennett. <i>Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House.</i> Simon and Schuster, June 2004, hardcover, 304 pages, <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743254333 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7432-5433-3</a></li><li><i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>, published by Blackwell Synergy, is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency.</li><li>Waldman, Michael, and George Stephanopoulos. <i>My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush.</i> Sourcebooks Trade. September 2003. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402200277 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4022-0027-7</a></li><li>Winder, Michael K. <i><a href=/wiki/Presidents_and_Prophets title="Presidents and Prophets">Presidents and Prophets</a>: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church</i>. Covenant Communications. September 2007. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598114522 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59811-452-2</a></li></ul></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=External_links>External links</span></h2><table style=float:right><tr><td><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png width=38 height=40 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x"><td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href=/wiki/Wikisource title=Wikisource>Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:<div style=margin-left:10px><b><a href=//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="wikisource:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></div></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png width=30 height=40 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x"><td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href=//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="commons:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></b></i>.</table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png width=40 height=40 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/80px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 2x"><td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a href=//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="q:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></i></table></table><dl><dt>Official</dl><ul><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/">"Executive Office of the President"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 21, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Executive+Office+of+the+President&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Feop%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/">"White House"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=White+House&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fpresident%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li></ul><dl><dt>Presidential histories</dl><ul><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html>A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825</a> Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresidents.org/">"Life Portraits of the American Presidents"</a>. <i>C-SPAN</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Life+Portraits+of+the+American+Presidents&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpresidents.org%2F&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Companion website for the C-SPAN television series: <i>American Presidents: Life Portraits</i></li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.footnote.com/us-presidents.php>"Presidential Documents from the National Archives"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved March 21, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Presidential+Documents+from+the+National+Archives&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fus-presidents.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other documents from the National Archives</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/">"The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>UC Santa Barbara</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2F&rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Barbara&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents</li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.history.com/topics/the-us-presidents>The History Channel: US Presidents</a></li></ul><dl><dt>Miscellaneous</dl><ul><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">"All the President's Roles"</a>. <i>Ask Gleaves</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 20, 2006</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=All+the+President%27s+Roles&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvsu.edu%2Fhauenstein%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57&rft.jtitle=Ask+Gleaves&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Article analyzing a president's many hats</li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/">Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies</a> Educational site on the American presidency</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0768854.html>"Presidents' Occupations"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Presidents%27+Occupations&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fipka%2FA0768854.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Listing of every President's occupations before and after becoming the Commander in Chief</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html>"The Masonic Presidents Tour"</a>. <i>The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Masonic+Presidents+Tour&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagrandlodge.org%2Fmlam%2Fpresidents%2Findex.html&rft.jtitle=The+Masonic+Library+and+Museum+of+Pennsylvania&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Brief histories of the Masonic careers of Presidents who were members of the <a href=/wiki/Freemasonry title=Freemasonry>Freemasons</a></li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/">"The Presidents"</a>. <i>American Experience</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved March 4, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Presidents&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> PBS site on the American presidency</li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/index.html>Presidents of the United States: Resource Guides</a> from the <a href=/wiki/Library_of_Congress title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.shapell.org/collection.aspx>Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a> Images of documents written by U.S. presidents</li></ul><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=3><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Presidents title="Template:US Presidents"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:US_Presidents title="Template talk:US Presidents"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Presidents&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hnum" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ol><li><a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_Adams title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_Madison title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_Monroe title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Andrew_Jackson title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_Tyler title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_K._Polk title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Zachary_Taylor title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Millard_Fillmore title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Franklin_Pierce title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_Buchanan title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Andrew_Johnson title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_A._Garfield title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/William_McKinley title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/William_Howard_Taft title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Warren_G._Harding title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Herbert_Hoover title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Harry_S._Truman title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_F._Kennedy title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Gerald_Ford title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li></ol></div><td class=navbox-image rowspan=1 style="width:0;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href=/wiki/File:Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg class=image><img alt="Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/100px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png width=100 height=100 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/150px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/200px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 2x"></a></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Chief_Executives title="Template:US Chief Executives"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:US_Chief_Executives title="Template talk:US Chief Executives"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Chief_Executives&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%>Chief executives of the United States</div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>President<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Governor_(United_States) title="Governor (United States)">State governors</a><br>(<a href=/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska title="List of Governors of Alaska">Alaska</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona title="List of Governors of Arizona">Arizona</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California title="List of Governors of California">California</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Colorado title="List of Governors of Colorado" class=mw-redirect>Colorado</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Delaware title="List of Governors of Delaware">Delaware</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii title="List of Governors of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho title="List of Governors of Idaho">Idaho</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Illinois title="List of Governors of Illinois">Illinois</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana title="List of Governors of Indiana">Indiana</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Iowa title="List of Governors of Iowa">Iowa</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kansas title="List of Governors of Kansas">Kansas</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky title="List of Governors of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine title="List of Governors of Maine">Maine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland title="List of Governors of Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Massachusetts title="List of Governors of Massachusetts" class=mw-redirect>Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan title="List of Governors of Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota title="List of Governors of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri title="List of Governors of Missouri">Missouri</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana title="List of Governors of Montana">Montana</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nebraska title="List of Governors of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada title="List of Governors of Nevada">Nevada</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Hampshire title="List of Governors of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey title="List of Governors of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico title="List of Governors of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York title="List of Governors of New York">New York</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina title="List of Governors of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota title="List of Governors of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Ohio title="List of Governors of Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma title="List of Governors of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oregon title="List of Governors of Oregon">Oregon</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rhode_Island title="List of Governors of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Carolina title="List of Governors of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Dakota title="List of Governors of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee title="List of Governors of Tennessee" class=mw-redirect>Tennessee</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas title="List of Governors of Texas">Texas</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Utah title="List of Governors of Utah">Utah</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Vermont title="List of Governors of Vermont">Vermont</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia title="List of Governors of Virginia">Virginia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington title="List of Governors of Washington">Washington</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin title="List of Governors of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wyoming title="List of Governors of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial executives</a><br>(<a href=/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#United_States_Territories_and_the_District_of_Columbia title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_governors_of_American_Samoa title="List of governors of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C. title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Guam title="List of Governors of Guam">Guam</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands title="List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Puerto_Rico title="List of Governors of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands title="List of Governors of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a><br></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><i>Defunct</i><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Lists_of_territorial_governors_of_the_United_States title="Category:Lists of territorial governors of the United States">Pre-state territories</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone title="List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines title="List of Presidents of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> (until 1935)</li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Cuba title="List of colonial heads of Cuba" class=mw-redirect>Cuba</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic#List_of_unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li></ul></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents title="Template:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents title="Template talk:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%>Lists related to the <strong class=selflink>Presidents</strong> and <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice Presidents of the United States</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age title="List of Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of autobiographies by Presidents of the United States">Autobiographies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_birth title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of birth">Birth</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of burial places of Presidents of the United States">Burial</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_military_rank title="List of United States Presidents by military rank">Military rank</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service title="List of Presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_net_worth title="List of United States Presidents by net worth">Net worth</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Living Presidents of the United States">Number living</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office title="List of Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Timeline of Presidents of the United States">Timeline</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Professional careers<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Presidents_and_control_of_Congress title="United States Presidents and control of Congress">Control of Congress</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_the_President_of_the_United_States title="List of international trips made by the President of the United States">International trips</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments title="List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Presidential_library#List_of_presidential_libraries title="Presidential library">Libraries</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held title="List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_political_affiliation title="List of Presidents of the United States by political affiliation">Political affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States,_sortable_by_previous_experience title="List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Personal life<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office title="List of Presidents of the United States who died in office">Deaths in office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education title="List of Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair title="List of Presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Handedness_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Handedness of Presidents of the United States">Handedness</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_multilingual_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of multilingual Presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_name title="List of Presidents of the United States by name">Names</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_United_States_Presidents title="List of nicknames of United States Presidents">Nicknames</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state title="List of Presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_occupation title="List of Presidents of the United States by occupation">Previous occupation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_residences_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of residences of Presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Summer_White_Houses title="Summer White Houses" class=mw-redirect>Summer White Houses</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice presidents</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_place_of_primary_affiliation title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by place of primary affiliation">Place of primary affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_religious_affiliation title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by religious affiliation">Religious affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Acting_Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Acting Vice President of the United States">Vacancies</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Succession<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Designated_survivor title="Designated survivor">Designated survivor</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession title="United States presidential line of succession">Line of succession</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">Elections</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic tickets</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican tickets</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States_who_received_at_least_one_electoral_vote title="List of candidates for President of the United States who received at least one electoral vote">Candidates with at least one electoral vote</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates title="List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates">Female</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_presidents_who_ran_for_office_after_leaving_the_presidency title="List of former United States presidents who ran for office after leaving the presidency">Former presidents who ran again</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_home_state title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their home state" class=mw-redirect>Lost their home state</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Families<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States title="First Family of the United States">First Family</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States title="First Lady of the United States">First ladies</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States title="List of First Ladies of the United States">list</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Living_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States title="Living First Ladies of the United States">number living</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States title="Second Lady of the United States">Second ladies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_children_of_the_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of children of the Presidents of the United States">Children</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_relatives title="List of U.S. presidential relatives">Relatives</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Namesakes, honors<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/U.S._presidents_on_U.S._postage_stamps title="U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp appearances</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_on_currency title="List of United States Presidents on currency">Currency appearances</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_U.S._Presidents title="List of U.S. counties named after U.S. Presidents">U.S. county names</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>In fiction<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_fictional_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of fictional Presidents of the United States" class=mw-redirect>Presidents</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_fictional_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of fictional Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice Presidents</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_fictional_United_States_presidential_candidates title="List of fictional United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">Line of succession</a></li></ul></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=3><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:EOP_agencies title="Template:EOP agencies"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:EOP_agencies title="Template talk:EOP agencies"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:EOP_agencies&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><span class=flagicon><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png width=23 height=14 class=thumbborder srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png 2x"></span> <a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Homeland_Security_Council title="United States Homeland Security Council">Homeland Security Council</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_Administration title="Office of Administration">Office of Administration</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President%27s_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board title="President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board" class=mw-redirect>President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/White_House_Office title="White House Office">White House Office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President</a></li></ul></div><td class=navbox-image rowspan=1 style="width:0;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href=/wiki/File:Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg class=image title="Seal of the Executive Office of the President"><img alt="Seal of the Executive Office of the President" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg/70px-Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg width=70 height=70 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg/105px-Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg/140px-Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg 2x"></a></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2 style=background-color:#B0C4DE;><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><span title="View this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_Armed_Forces&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2 style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><div><ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png width=16 height=16 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/24px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/32px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x"> <a href=/wiki/Book:United_States_Military title="Book:United States Military">Book</a></li><li><img alt=Portal src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png width=16 height=14 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x"> <a href=/wiki/Portal:Military_of_the_United_States title="Portal:Military of the United States">Portal</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Army title="Portal:United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps title="Portal:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Navy title="Portal:United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Air_Force title="Portal:United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard title="Portal:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><img alt=Category src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png width=16 height=14 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x"> <a href=/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Army title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Public_Health_Service title="Category:United States Public Health Service">PHS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration title="Category:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_military_navbox title="Template:US military navbox" class=mw-redirect>Navbox</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Air_Force_navbox title="Template:US Air Force navbox">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Leadership<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States title=Commander-in-chief>Commander-in-chief</a>: <strong class=selflink>President of the United States</strong></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>: Committees on Armed Services:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_leaders_by_rank title="List of United States military leaders by rank">Highest ranking officers in history</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947 title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><a href=/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Structure of the United States Armed Forces">Organization</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military title="Civilian control of the military">Service departments</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><i><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army title="United States Department of the Army">Army</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a>)</li></ul><ul><li><i><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Branches</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army title="United States Army">Army</a> (<a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> (<a href=/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps title="Commandant of the Marine Corps">Commandant</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy title="United States Navy">Navy</a> (<a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> (<a href=/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant</a>)</li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States title="Uniformed services of the United States">Other uniformed services</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> (<a href=/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps</a> (Director)</li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li>Reserves:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Army_National_Guard title="Army National Guard">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_National_Guard title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/State_defense_force title="State defense force">State defense forces</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Auxiliaries title=Auxiliaries>Civilian auxiliaries</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command title="Unified Combatant Command">Unified Combatant Command</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Central_Command title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_European_Command title="United States European Command">European</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command title="United States Pacific Command">Pacific</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Structure<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Code title="United States Code">United States Code</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/The_Pentagon title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li><li>Units:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States title="Category:Media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Operations and <a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States title="Military history of the United States">history</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_deployments title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States title="Military history of the United States">History</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy title="History of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_Sikh_Americans title="Military history of Sikh Americans">Sikh Americans</a></li><li>Historiography:<ul><li>A: <a href=/wiki/Military_history_detachment title="Military history detachment">1</a>/<a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History title="United States Army Center of Military History">2</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division title="United States Marine Corps History Division">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command title="Naval History & Heritage Command">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_official_war_artists title="American official war artists">Art</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program title="United States Army Art Program">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program title="United States Air Force Art Program">AF</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Personnel<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Training</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Recruit_training title="Recruit training">Recruit training</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School#United_States title="Officer Candidate School">Officer candidate school</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army) title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps) title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy) title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States) title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army) title="Warrant Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/The_Basic_School#Warrant_Officer_Basic_Course_.28WOBC.29 title="The Basic School">MC</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Service_academies title="United States Service academies" class=mw-redirect>Service academies</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy title="United States Military Academy">A</a> <small>(<a href=/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy title="United States Naval Academy">N</a> <small>(<a href=/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy title="United States Air Force Academy">AF</a> <small>(<a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">PHS</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior</a>/<a href=/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps#U.S._Army_ROTC title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Medical_Education_and_Training_Campus title="Medical Education and Training Campus">Medical</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Military_uniform title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Military title="Uniforms of the United States Military" class=mw-redirect>Uniforms</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Uniforms title="United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military title="Awards and decorations of the United States military" class=mw-redirect>Awards & decorations</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Army title="Awards and decorations of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_awards_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy title="Military awards of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Public_Health_Service title="Awards and decorations of the Public Health Service">PHS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration title="Awards and decorations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States title="Identification badges of the Uniform Services of the United States">Identification</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li>Enlisted:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_rate_insignia title="United States Coast Guard enlisted rate insignia">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States) title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li><li>Officer:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps#Commissioned_officers title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">PHS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps#Commissioned_officers title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps" class=mw-redirect>NOAA</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Other</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li>Oath:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Office</a></li></ul></li><li>Creeds & Codes:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces) title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army) title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps) title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy) title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force) title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard) title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_pay title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_Health_System title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href=/wiki/Tricare title=Tricare>TRICARE</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military) title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Army title="Equipment of the United States Army">A</a></li><li>MC:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></div><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Land</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href=/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Sea</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li><li>Ships:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a> (<a href=/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA</a></li></ul></li><li>Weapons:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Small_arms title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li>Aircraft:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(naval) title="List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Aircraft title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Air</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States title="List of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(1909%E2%80%931919) title="List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)" class=mw-redirect>World War I</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country#United_States_.28North_America.3B_NATO.29 title="List of missiles by country">Missiles</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Other</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href=/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Guidon_(United_States) title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_ration title="United States military ration">Food</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2 style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><div><dl><dt>Legend<dd>A = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Army title="United States Army">Army</a><dd>MC = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a><dd>N = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy title="United States Navy">Navy</a><dd>AF = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a><dd>CG = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a><dd>PHS = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a><dd>NOAA = <a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><dd>MSC = <a href=/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></dl></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections title="Template:United States presidential elections"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%931789 title="United States presidential election, 1788–1789">1788–89</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1792 title="United States presidential election, 1792">1792</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1796 title="United States presidential election, 1796">1796</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800 title="United States presidential election, 1800">1800</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804 title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1808 title="United States presidential election, 1808">1808</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1812 title="United States presidential election, 1812">1812</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1816 title="United States presidential election, 1816">1816</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1820 title="United States presidential election, 1820">1820</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824 title="United States presidential election, 1824">1824</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1828 title="United States presidential election, 1828">1828</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1832 title="United States presidential election, 1832">1832</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1836 title="United States presidential election, 1836">1836</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840 title="United States presidential election, 1840">1840</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844 title="United States presidential election, 1844">1844</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848 title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852 title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856 title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860 title="United States presidential election, 1860">1860</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864 title="United States presidential election, 1864">1864</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868 title="United States presidential election, 1868">1868</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1872 title="United States presidential election, 1872">1872</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876 title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880 title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884 title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1888 title="United States presidential election, 1888">1888</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1892 title="United States presidential election, 1892">1892</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896 title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1900 title="United States presidential election, 1900">1900</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1904 title="United States presidential election, 1904">1904</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1908 title="United States presidential election, 1908">1908</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912 title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916 title="United States presidential election, 1916">1916</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1920 title="United States presidential election, 1920">1920</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1924 title="United States presidential election, 1924">1924</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928 title="United States presidential election, 1928">1928</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1932 title="United States presidential election, 1932">1932</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1936 title="United States presidential election, 1936">1936</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940 title="United States presidential election, 1940">1940</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944 title="United States presidential election, 1944">1944</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1948 title="United States presidential election, 1948">1948</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952 title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1956 title="United States presidential election, 1956">1956</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1960 title="United States presidential election, 1960">1960</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964 title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968 title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1972 title="United States presidential election, 1972">1972</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976 title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980 title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984 title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988 title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992 title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996 title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000 title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004 title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008 title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012 title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a></li><li><i><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016 title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a></i></li></ul><hr><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">Electoral vote changes</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_electoral_votes_by_US_state title="List of electoral votes by US state" class=mw-redirect>Electoral votes by state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Results by Electoral College margin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Results by popular vote margin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Results by state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_the_United_States_presidential_elections title="Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primaries</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating conventions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates title="United States presidential election debates">Election debates</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2><div><dl><dt>See also<dd><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a><dd><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a><dd><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></dl></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_topics title="Template:United States topics"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics title="Template talk:United States topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_topics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a> topics</div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States title="History of the United States">History</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history title="Colonial American military history">Colonial American military history</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Revolution title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_frontier title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federalist_Era title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/War_of_1812 title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions title="United States territorial acquisitions">Territorial acquisitions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Civil_War title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Reconstruction_Era title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Indian_Wars title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Gilded_Age title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Progressive_Era title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1896%E2%80%931954) title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_imperialism title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)#World_War_I title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">World War I</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Roaring_Twenties title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Great_Depression title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cold_War title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Korean_War title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Space_Race title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%9368) title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–68)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–68)</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Second-wave_feminism title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vietnam_War title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%93present) title="History of the United States (1991–present)">Post-Cold War (1991–present)</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/War_on_Terror title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present) title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Iraq_War title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States#History_of_the_United_States title="Outline of the United States">By topic</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_United_States_debt-ceiling_increases title="History of United States debt-ceiling increases" class=mw-redirect>Debt Ceiling</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a><ul><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890) title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></small></li><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945) title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</a></small></li><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%9391) title="Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)">1946–1991</a></small></li><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991) title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></small></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States title="Lists of populated places in the United States">Cities, towns, and villages</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/County_(United_States) title="County (United States)">Counties</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States title="Extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States title="Mountain peaks of the United States">Peaks</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rocky_Mountains title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Park System</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Great_Plains title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Midwestern_United_States title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/New_England title="New England">New England</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Northwestern_United_States title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Northeastern_United_States title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Southwestern_United_States title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Southeastern_United_States title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Western_United_States title="Western United States">Western</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Eastern_United_States title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Northern_United_States title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Southern_United_States title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Pacific_States title="Pacific States">Pacific</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States title="List of rivers of the United States">Rivers</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Colorado_River title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Columbia_River title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mississippi_River title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Missouri_River title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ohio_River title="Ohio River">Ohio</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rio_Grande title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/U.S._state title="U.S. state">States</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_territory title="United States territory">Territory</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Executive<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><strong class=selflink>President</strong></b><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> / <a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Legislature<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a></b><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate title="United States Senate">Senate</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tem</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Judiciary<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></b></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_courts title="United States federal courts" class=mw-redirect>Federal courts</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_district_court title="United States district court">District courts</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States title="Law of the United States">Law</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_preemption title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States title="Civil liberties in the United States">Civil liberties</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_Reporter title="Federal Reporter">Federal Reporter</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Code title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Security_Agency title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army title="United States Army">Army</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps" class=mw-redirect>NOAA Corps</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Political_divisions_of_the_United_States title="Political divisions of the United States">Administrative divisions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States title="Local government in the United States">Local governments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States) title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Third_party_(United_States) title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/51st_state title="51st state">51st state</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status of Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States title="State governments of the United States">State governments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uncle_Sam title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></div></table></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/Economic_issues_in_the_United_States title="Economic issues in the United States">Economic issues</a></b></li><li><a href=/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States title="List of companies of the United States">Companies</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_dollar title="United States dollar">Dollar <small style=font-size:85%>(currency)</small></a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_budget title="United States federal budget">Federal Budget</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Wall_Street title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Society<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States title="Visual art of the United States">Art</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States title="Education in the United States">Education</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States title="Family structure in the United States">Family structure</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States title="Health care in the United States">Health care</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States title="Incarceration in the United States">Incarceration</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/American_English title="American English">American English</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States title="French language in the United States">French</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States title="German language in the United States">German</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_literature title="American literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States title="Media of the United States">Media</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Americans title=Americans>People</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_philosophy title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Theater_of_the_United_States title="Theater of the United States">Theater</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Dream title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_middle_class title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Professional_and_working_class_conflict_in_the_United_States title="Professional and working class conflict in the United States">Professional and working class conflict</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Smoking_in_the_United_States title="Smoking in the United States">Smoking</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States title="Wealth in the United States">Wealth</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Issues<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Anti-Americanism title=Anti-Americanism>Anti-Americanism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States title="Federal drug policy of the United States">Drug policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_exceptionalism title="American exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States title="Health care reform in the United States">Health care reform</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal Immigration</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States title="International rankings of the United States">International rankings</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_nationalism title="American nationalism" class=mw-redirect>Nationalism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Racism_and_ethnic_discrimination_in_the_United_States title="Racism and ethnic discrimination in the United States" class=mw-redirect>Racism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></div></table></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;"><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a 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Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang=gd hreflang=gd>Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href=//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica title="Presidentes dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang=gl hreflang=gl>Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href=//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9 title="미국의 대통령 – Korean" lang=ko hreflang=ko>한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href=//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang=hr hreflang=hr>Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href=//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang=ilo hreflang=ilo>Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href=//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat title="Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang=id hreflang=id>Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href=//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang=is hreflang=is>Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href=//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang=it hreflang=it>Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href=//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA title="נשיא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang=he hreflang=he>עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a 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href=//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Marekani title="Rais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang=sw hreflang=sw>Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href=//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidents title="ASV prezidents – Latvian" lang=lv hreflang=lv>Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href=//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_prezidentas title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang=lt hreflang=lt>Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href=//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6ke title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke – Hungarian" lang=hu hreflang=hu>Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href=//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95 title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ പ്രസിഡണ്ടുമാരുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam" lang=ml hreflang=ml>മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href=//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7 title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष – Marathi" lang=mr hreflang=mr>मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href=//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang=xmf hreflang=xmf>მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href=//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang=ms hreflang=ms>Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href=//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Verenigde_Staten title="President van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang=nl hreflang=nl>Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href=//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98 title="アメリカ合衆国大統領 – Japanese" lang=ja hreflang=ja>日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href=//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_president title="USAs president – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang=no hreflang=no>Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href=//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_i_USA title="President i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang=nn hreflang=nn>Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href=//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_d%27s_%C3%8Atats_Unnis title="Président d's Êtats Unnis – Nouormand" lang=nrm hreflang=nrm>Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href=//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units title="President dels Estats Units – Occitan" lang=oc hreflang=oc>Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href=//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_Prezidenti title="AQSh Prezidenti – Uzbek" lang=uz hreflang=uz>Oʻzbekcha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href=//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang=pl hreflang=pl>Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href=//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang=pt hreflang=pt>Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href=//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang=ro hreflang=ro>Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href=//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90 title="Президент США – Russian" lang=ru hreflang=ru>Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href=//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_the_Unitit_States title="Preses o the Unitit States – Scots" lang=sco hreflang=sco>Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href=//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryetari_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara title="Kryetari i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang=sq hreflang=sq>Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href=//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisidenti_d%C3%AE_Stati_Uniti title="Prisidenti dî Stati Uniti – Sicilian" lang=scn hreflang=scn>Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href=//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States title="President of the United States – Simple English" lang=simple hreflang=simple>Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href=//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov title="Prezident Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang=sk hreflang=sk>Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href=//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang=sl hreflang=sl>Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href=//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0 title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang=sr hreflang=sr>Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href=//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednici_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava title="Predsjednici Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang=sh hreflang=sh>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href=//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentti title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti – Finnish" lang=fi hreflang=fi>Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href=//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_president title="USA:s president – Swedish" lang=sv hreflang=sv>Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href=//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Estados_Unidos title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang=tl hreflang=tl>Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href=//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B title="АКШ президенты – Tatar" lang=tt hreflang=tt>Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href=//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2 title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐอเมริกา – Thai" lang=th hreflang=th>ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href=//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1 title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı – Turkish" lang=tr hreflang=tr>Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href=//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90 title="Президент США – Ukrainian" lang=uk hreflang=uk>Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href=//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81 title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ – Urdu" lang=ur hreflang=ur>اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href=//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3 title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang=vi hreflang=vi>Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href=//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1 title="美國總統 – Classical Chinese" lang=zh-classical hreflang=zh-classical>文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href=//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Estados_Unidos title="Mangulo han Estados Unidos – Waray" lang=war hreflang=war>Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href=//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F title="פרעזידענט פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang=yi hreflang=yi>ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href=//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%A0r%E1%BA%B9_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0 title="Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang=yo hreflang=yo>Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href=//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1 title="美國總統 – Cantonese" lang=zh-yue hreflang=zh-yue>粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href=//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F 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rel=dns-prefetch href=//meta.wikimedia.org><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/w/static-1.23wmf13/skins/vector/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--><body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-President_of_the_United_States skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"><div id=content class=mw-body role=main><h1 id=firstHeading class=firstHeading lang=en><span dir=auto>President of the United States</span></h1><div id=bodyContent><div id=siteSub>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id=jump-to-nav class=mw-jump>Jump to: <a href=#mw-navigation>navigation</a>, <a href=#p-search>search</a></div><div id=mw-content-text lang=en dir=ltr class=mw-content-ltr><div class=dablink>"POTUS" redirects here. For the political talk radio channel, see <a href=/wiki/P.O.T.U.S._(Sirius_XM) title="P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)">P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)</a>.</div><div class=dablink>For other uses, see <a href=/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_(disambiguation) title="President of the United States (disambiguation)">President of the United States (disambiguation)</a>. For a list, see <a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States</a>.</div><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id=protected-icon style=display:none;right:55px><a href=/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png width=20 height=20 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x"></a></div><table class=infobox cellspacing=3 style=border-spacing:3px;width:22em><tr><th colspan=2 style=text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2em;font-size:135%;>President of the<br>United States of America<tr><td colspan=2 style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:.4em;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href=/wiki/File:Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg class=image><img alt="Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/110px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png width=110 height=110 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/165px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/220px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 2x"></a><br><div style=padding-top:.2em;><a href=/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Seal of the President of the United States">Presidential Seal</a></div><tr><td colspan=2 style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:.4em;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href=/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg class=image><img alt="Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png width=120 height=83 class=thumbborder srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 2x"></a><br><div style=padding-top:.2em;><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Flag of the President of the United States">Presidential Standard</a></div><tr><td colspan=2 style=text-align:center;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><div style="padding-bottom:.4em;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;line-height:1.4em"><div style=padding-bottom:.4em><a href=/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg class=image><img alt="President Barack Obama.jpg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg width=220 height=275 class=thumbborder srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x"></a></div><b>Incumbent<br><a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></b><br><small>since January 20, 2009<span style=display:none> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2009-01-20</span>)</span></small></div><tr><td colspan=2 style=text-align:center;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch title="Federal government of the United States">Executive branch of the U.S. Government</a><br><a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address) title="Style (manner of address)">Style</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Mr._President_(title) title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a><br><small>(Informal)</small><sup id=cite_ref-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-1><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-2><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br><a href=/wiki/The_Honourable#United_States title="The Honourable">The Honorable</a><br><small>(Formal)</small><sup id=cite_ref-3 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-3><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br><a href=/wiki/Excellency#United_States title=Excellency>His Excellency</a><sup id=cite_ref-4 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-4><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-5 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-5><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-6 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-6><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br><small>(diplomatic, outside the U.S.)</small><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Member of<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/United_States_Cabinet title="United States Cabinet" class=mw-redirect>Cabinet</a><br><a href=/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy Council</a><br><a href=/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</a><br><a href=/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Official_residence title="Official residence">Residence</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/The_White_House title="The White House" class=mw-redirect>The White House</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity) title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Washington,_D.C. title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Appointer<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href=/wiki/Term_of_office title="Term of office">Term length</a><td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;>Four years<div style=padding-top:.2em;font-size:80%>renewable once</div><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Constituting instrument<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Formation<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;>March 4, 1789<tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">First holder<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a><br>April 30, 1789<tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Salary<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;>$400,000 annually <small>(2001-)</small><tr><th scope=row style="text-align:left;padding:0;background:0 0;line-height:1.2em;">Website<td style=padding:0;line-height:1.2em;><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/">The White House</a></table><p>The <b>President of the United States of America</b> (<b>POTUS</b>)<sup id=cite_ref-7 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-7><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> is the <a href=/wiki/Head_of_state title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href=/wiki/Head_of_government title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a>. The president leads the <a href=/wiki/Executive_(government) title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> of the <a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and is the <a href=/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States title=Commander-in-chief>commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. The person in this position is the leader of the country which has the <a href=/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)#Lists title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economy</a> and the <a href=/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures#SIPRI_Yearbook_2013_.E2.80.93_World.27s_top_15_military_spenders title="List of countries by military expenditures">largest military</a>, with command authority over the <a href=/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons#Statistics title="List of states with nuclear weapons">largest active nuclear arsenal</a>. The president is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world.<sup id=cite_ref-8 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-8><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-9 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-9><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-10 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-10><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-11 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-11><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-12 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-12><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p><a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II of the U.S. Constitution</a> vests the executive power of the United States in the president and charges him with the execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers, with the <a href=/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. The president is further empowered to grant federal <a href=/wiki/Pardon title=Pardon>pardons and reprieves</a>, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a> under extraordinary circumstances.<sup id=cite_ref-13 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-13><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government <a href=/wiki/Imperial_Presidency title="Imperial Presidency">have grown substantially</a><sup id=cite_ref-14 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-14><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or <a href=/wiki/Veto title=Veto>vetoing</a> congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.<sup id=cite_ref-15 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-15><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The president is <a href=/wiki/Indirect_election title="Indirect election">indirectly elected</a> by the people through the <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> to a four-year term, and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-16 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-16><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href=/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from ever being elected to the presidency for a third full term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president, or <a href=/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, <a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">43 individuals</a> have served 44 presidencies (<a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland's</a> two non-consecutive terms each counted) spanning 56 full four-year terms.<sup id=cite_ref-the_presidency_17-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-the_presidency-17><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 20, 2009, <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <a href=/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">became</a> the 44th and current president. On November 6, 2012, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012 title="United States presidential election, 2012">he was re-elected</a> and is currently serving the 57th term, which ends on January 20, 2017.</p><div id=toc class=toc><div id=toctitle><h2>Contents</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href=#Origin><span class=tocnumber>1</span> <span class=toctext>Origin</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href=#Powers_and_duties><span class=tocnumber>2</span> <span class=toctext>Powers and duties</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href=#Article_I_legislative_role><span class=tocnumber>2.1</span> <span class=toctext>Article I legislative role</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href=#Article_II_executive_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2</span> <span class=toctext>Article II executive powers</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href=#War_and_foreign_affairs_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2.1</span> <span class=toctext>War and foreign affairs powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href=#Administrative_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2.2</span> <span class=toctext>Administrative powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href=#Juridical_powers><span class=tocnumber>2.2.3</span> <span class=toctext>Juridical powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href=#Legislative_facilitator><span class=tocnumber>2.2.4</span> <span class=toctext>Legislative facilitator</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href=#Ceremonial_roles><span class=tocnumber>2.3</span> <span class=toctext>Ceremonial roles</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href=#Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution><span class=tocnumber>2.4</span> <span class=toctext>Critics of presidency's evolution</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href=#Selection_process><span class=tocnumber>3</span> <span class=toctext>Selection process</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href=#Eligibility><span class=tocnumber>3.1</span> <span class=toctext>Eligibility</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href=#Campaigns_and_nomination><span class=tocnumber>3.2</span> <span class=toctext>Campaigns and nomination</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href=#Election_and_oath><span class=tocnumber>3.3</span> <span class=toctext>Election and oath</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href=#Tenure_and_term_limits><span class=tocnumber>3.4</span> <span class=toctext>Tenure and term limits</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href=#Vacancy_or_disability><span class=tocnumber>3.5</span> <span class=toctext>Vacancy or disability</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href=#Compensation><span class=tocnumber>4</span> <span class=toctext>Compensation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href=#Post-presidency><span class=tocnumber>5</span> <span class=toctext>Post-presidency</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href=#Presidential_libraries><span class=tocnumber>5.1</span> <span class=toctext>Presidential libraries</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href=#See_also><span class=tocnumber>6</span> <span class=toctext>See also</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href=#Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency><span class=tocnumber>6.1</span> <span class=toctext>Lists relating to the United States presidency</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href=#Categories><span class=tocnumber>6.2</span> <span class=toctext>Categories</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href=#Articles><span class=tocnumber>6.3</span> <span class=toctext>Articles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href=#Notes><span class=tocnumber>7</span> <span class=toctext>Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href=#References><span class=tocnumber>8</span> <span class=toctext>References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href=#Further_reading><span class=tocnumber>9</span> <span class=toctext>Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href=#External_links><span class=tocnumber>10</span> <span class=toctext>External links</span></a></li></ul></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Origin>Origin</span></h2><table class="vertical-navbox vcard" cellspacing=5 cellpadding=0 style="float:right;clear:right;width:22em;margin:0 0 1em 1em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em;border-spacing:.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19em"><tr><th style="padding:.2em .4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><div class=adr style=font-size:smaller><span class="fn org country-name"><a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a></span></div><tr><td><a href=/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg class=image><img alt="Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/125px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png width=125 height=125 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/188px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/250px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x"></a><tr><td style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid">This article is part of a series on the<br><span style=font-weight:bold><a href=/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States title="Politics of the United States">politics and government of<br>the United States</a></span><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left">Legislature</div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives title="United States House of Representatives">House</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Party leaders</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate title="United States Senate">Senate</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Party leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left">Executive</div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><strong class=selflink>President</strong></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies title="List of United States federal agencies">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left">Judiciary</div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of Appeals</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_district_court title="United States district court">District Courts</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_midterm_election title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Off-year_election title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States) title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Third_party_(United_States) title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:0 .1em .4em"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style=border:none;padding:0><div class=NavHead style="font-size:105%;background:0 0;text-align:left"><a href=/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div><div class=NavContent style="font-size:105%;padding:.2em 0 .4em;text-align:center;text-align:left"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States title="State governments of the United States">State government</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors title="List of current United States governors">Governors</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States) title="State legislature (United States)">Legislatures</a> (<a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures title="List of United States state legislatures">List</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/State_court_(United_States) title="State court (United States)">State courts</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div><tr><td style="padding:.3em .4em;font-weight:700;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class=hlist style=text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal><ul><li><span style=font-size:90%><a href=/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></span></li><li><span style=font-size:90%><a href=//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="commons:Atlas of the United States">Atlas</a></span></li></ul><p><span style=font-size:90%><a href=/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg class=image><img alt="Portal icon" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png width=16 height=16 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x"></a> <a href=/wiki/Portal:Politics title=Portal:Politics>Politics portal</a></span></p></div><tr><td style=text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top:.6em;><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States title="Template:Politics of the United States"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_States title="Template talk:Politics of the United States"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_the_United_States&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li></ul></div></table><p>In 1776, the <a href=/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, acting through the <a href=/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, declared political independence from <a href=/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> during the <a href=/wiki/American_Revolution title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The new states, though independent of each other as <a href=/wiki/Nation_state title="Nation state">nation states</a>,<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British.<sup id=cite_ref-Kelly_19-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Kelly-19><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a <a href=/wiki/Monarchy title=Monarchy>monarchy</a>, Congress negotiated the <a href=/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> to establish a weak alliance between the states.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> As a central authority, Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power; it could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens.<sup id=cite_ref-Kelly_19-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Kelly-19><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> This institutional design reflected the conception of how Americans believed the deposed British system of <a href=/wiki/The_Crown title="The Crown">Crown</a> and <a href=/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> ought to have functioned with respect to the royal <a href=/wiki/Dominion title=Dominion>dominion</a>: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.<sup id=cite_ref-Kelly_19-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Kelly-19><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly <a href=/wiki/Royal_prerogative title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a> (<i>e.g.</i>, making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress, while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments. Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1, 1781, when <a href=/wiki/Maryland title=Maryland>Maryland</a> became the final state to ratify them.</p><p>In 1783, the <a href=/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783) title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their <a href=/wiki/Hard_currency title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their <a href=/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> commerce preyed upon by <a href=/wiki/North_Africa title="North Africa">North African</a> <a href=/wiki/Barbary_pirates title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a>, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-3 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Civil and political unrest loomed.</p><p>Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between <a href=/wiki/Virginia title=Virginia>Virginia</a> and Maryland at the <a href=/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a> in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in <a href=/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the <a href=/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786) title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">convention</a> failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, the Annapolis delegates called for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in <a href=/wiki/Philadelphia title=Philadelphia>Philadelphia</a>. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until <a href=/wiki/James_Madison title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href=/wiki/Edmund_Randolph title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> succeeded in securing <a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-4 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-Beeman_20-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Beeman-20><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>When the <a href=/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States) title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (<a href=/wiki/Rhode_Island title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-5 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/New_York title="New York">New York</a> offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.<sup id=cite_ref-Milkis_18-6 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Milkis-18><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> emerged.</p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Powers_and_duties>Powers and duties</span></h2><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Article_I_legislative_role>Article I legislative role</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/220px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg width=220 height=147 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/330px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg/440px-BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>Obama signing legislation at the <a href=/wiki/Resolute_desk title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></div></div></div><p>The first power the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> confers upon the president is the <a href=/wiki/Veto#United_States title=Veto>veto</a>. The <a href=/wiki/Presentment_Clause title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> requires any bill passed by <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:</p><ol><li>Sign the legislation; the bill then becomes law.</li><li>Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections; the bill does not become law, unless each house of Congress votes to override the veto by a two-thirds vote.</li><li>Take no action. In this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation. After 10 days, not counting Sundays, two possible outcomes emerge:<ul><li>If Congress is still convened, the bill becomes law.</li><li>If Congress has adjourned, thus preventing the return of the legislation, the bill does not become law. This latter outcome is known as the <a href=/wiki/Pocket_veto title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>.</li></ul></li></ol><p>In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the <a href=/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996 title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto Act</a>. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Once a president had stricken the item, Congress could pass that particular item again. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In <i><a href=/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i>, 524 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/524/417/case.html>417</a> (1998), the <a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Article_II_executive_powers>Article II executive powers</span></h3><h4><span class=mw-headline id=War_and_foreign_affairs_powers>War and foreign affairs powers</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:172px><a href=/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg width=170 height=223 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div><a href=/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the <a href=/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War) title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href=/wiki/American_Civil_War title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></div></div><p>Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is command of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> as its <a href=/wiki/Commander-in-chief title=Commander-in-chief>commander-in-chief</a>. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>) is normally exercised through the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, with assistance of the <a href=/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, to the <a href=/wiki/Combatant_Command title="Combatant Command" class=mw-redirect>Combatant Commands</a>, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<sup id=cite_ref-ucp_21-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-ucp-21><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-22 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-22><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-23 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-23><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; <a href=/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> explains this in <a href=/wiki/Federalist_No._69 title="Federalist No. 69">Federalist No. 69</a>:</p><blockquote class=templatequote><p>The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the <a href=/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British king</a> extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature.<sup id=cite_ref-24 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-24><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> [Emphasis in the original.]</p></blockquote><p>Congress, pursuant to the <a href=/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.<sup id=cite_ref-miller-center_25-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-miller-center-25><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov102_27-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov102-27><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including <a href=/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s military move into <a href=/wiki/Panama title=Panama>Panama</a> in 1903,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href=/wiki/Korean_War title="Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-2 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href=/wiki/Vietnam_War title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id=cite_ref-tws12novef_26-3 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws12novef-26><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> the invasions of <a href=/wiki/Grenada title=Grenada>Grenada</a> in 1983<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov101_28-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov101-28><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href=/wiki/Panama title=Panama>Panama</a> in 1990.<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov100_29-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov100-29><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Along with the armed forces, the president also directs <a href=/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a>. Through the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> and the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiates treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.</p><p>Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the 20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises.</p><h4><span class=mw-headline id=Administrative_powers>Administrative powers</span></h4><div class=quotebox style="float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em;width:25%;padding:6px;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;background-color:#F9F9F9"><div style=position:relative;text-align:left><div><p>Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.</p></div></div><div style=text-align:left><a href=/wiki/William_Rehnquist title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <i><a href=/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i>, <b>433 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/433/425/case.html>425</a> (1977)</b> (<a href=/wiki/Dissenting_opinion title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a>)</div></div><p>The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is <a href=/wiki/Take_Care_Clause title="Take Care Clause" class=mw-redirect>constitutionally obligated</a> to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed."<sup id=cite_ref-30 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-30><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.<sup id=cite_ref-31 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-31><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before he takes office and 8,000 more during his term. <a href=/wiki/Ambassador title=Ambassador>Ambassadors</a>, members of the <a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "<a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate#Checks_and_balances title="United States Senate">advice and consent</a>" of a majority of the Senate. Appointments made while the Senate is in recess are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.</p><p>The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove purely executive officials at his discretion.<sup id=cite_ref-32 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-32><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.<sup id=cite_ref-33 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-33><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The president additionally possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through <a href=/wiki/Executive_order title="Executive order">executive orders</a> that are grounded in <a href=/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States title="Law of the United States">federal law</a> or constitutionally granted executive power. Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation.</p><p>To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the <a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a>. Within the Executive Office, the President's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the <a href=/wiki/White_House_Office title="White House Office">White House Office</a>.</p><h4><span class=mw-headline id=Juridical_powers>Juridical powers</span></h4><p>The president also has the power to nominate <a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_judge title="United States federal judge">federal judges</a>, including members of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a> and the <a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. However, these nominations do require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to <a href=/wiki/United_States_district_court title="United States district court">U.S. district courts</a>, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of <a href=/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a>. Presidents may also grant <a href=/wiki/Pardon title=Pardon>pardons</a> and reprieves, as is often done just before the end of a presidential term, not without controversy.<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov12_34-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov12-34><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov11_35-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov11-35><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov10_36-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov10-36><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is <a href=/wiki/Executive_privilege title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. <a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a> first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see <a href=/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href=/wiki/John_Jay title="John Jay">John Jay</a>'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with <a href=/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the <a href=/wiki/Watergate_scandal title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href=/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i>, 418 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/418/683/case.html>683</a> (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> attempted to use executive privilege regarding the <a href=/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href=/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i>, 520 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/520/681/case.html>681</a> (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the <a href=/wiki/Precedent title=Precedent>legal precedent</a> that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<sup id=cite_ref-37 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-37><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:SOU2007.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/220px-SOU2007.jpg width=220 height=157 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/330px-SOU2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/440px-SOU2007.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:SOU2007.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>President <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> delivering the <a href=/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</a>, with <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href=/wiki/Dick_Cheney title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> and <a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href=/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> behind him</div></div></div><p>The <a href=/wiki/State_secrets_privilege title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</a> allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from <a href=/wiki/Discovery_(law) title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when <a href=/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> refused to release military documents in the <a href=/wiki/Treason title=Treason>treason</a> trial of <a href=/wiki/Aaron_Burr title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> and again in <i><a href=/wiki/Totten_v._United_States title="Totten v. United States">Totten v. United States</a></i> 92 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/105/case.html>105</a> (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<sup id=cite_ref-38 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-38><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until <i><a href=/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</a></i> 345 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/345/1/case.html>1</a> (1953), where it was held to be a <a href=/wiki/Common_law title="Common law">common law</a> <a href=/wiki/Evidence_(law) title="Evidence (law)">evidentiary</a> privilege.<sup id=cite_ref-ACS_39-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-ACS-39><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href=/wiki/September_11_attacks title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.<sup id=cite_ref-40 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-40><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit's</a> ruling in <i><a href=/wiki/Mohamed_et_al._v._Jeppesen_Dataplan,_Inc. title="Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.">Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</a></i>.<sup id=cite_ref-ACS_39-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-ACS-39><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-41 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-41><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-42 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-42><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<sup id=cite_ref-43 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-43><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-44 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-44><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h4><span class=mw-headline id=Legislative_facilitator>Legislative facilitator</span></h4><p>The Constitution's <a href=/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</a> prevents the President (and all other executive officers) from simultaneously being a member of <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce <a href=/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law) title="Bill (proposed law)" class=mw-redirect>legislative proposals</a> for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as the <a href=/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>, which often outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year.</p><p>In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of <a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies title="List of United States federal agencies">agencies</a> that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House."<sup id=cite_ref-tws28sep08_45-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws28sep08-45><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Presidents have been criticized for making <a href=/wiki/Signing_statements title="Signing statements" class=mw-redirect>signing statements</a> when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<sup id=cite_ref-tws04oct08_46-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws04oct08-46><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> This practice has been criticized by the <a href=/wiki/American_Bar_Association title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> as unconstitutional.<sup id=cite_ref-tws11nov301_47-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11nov301-47><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Conservative commentator <a href=/wiki/George_Will title="George Will">George Will</a> wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress."<sup id=cite_ref-tws28sep_48-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws28sep-48><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>According to <a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Calling_Congress_into_extraordinary_session.3B_adjourning_Congress title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3, Clause 2</a> of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Ceremonial_roles>Ceremonial roles</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/220px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg width=220 height=155 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/330px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/440px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>President <a href=/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> throwing out the ceremonial first ball on <a href=/wiki/Opening_Day title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>, 1916</div></div></div><p>As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. <a href=/wiki/William_Howard_Taft title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> started the tradition of throwing out the <a href=/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial first pitch</a> in 1910 at <a href=/wiki/Griffith_Stadium title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, Washington, D.C., on the <a href=/wiki/Minnesota_Twins#Washington_Nationals.2FSenators:_1901.E2.80.931960 title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators</a>' <a href=/wiki/Opening_Day title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>. Every president since Taft, except for <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the <a href=/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a>, or the <a href=/wiki/World_Series title="World Series">World Series</a>, usually with much fanfare.<sup id=cite_ref-49 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-49><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. <a href=/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> began in 1878 the first White House <a href=/wiki/White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll title="White House Easter Egg Roll" class=mw-redirect>egg rolling</a> for local children.<sup id=cite_ref-50 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-50><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1947 during the <a href=/wiki/Harry_S._Truman title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> administration, every <a href=/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States) title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual <a href=/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">national thanksgiving turkey presentation</a> held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.<sup id=cite_ref-Hesse_51-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Hesse-51><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since <a href=/wiki/James_Buchanan title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> traditionally give advice to their successor during the <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition title="United States presidential transition">presidential transition</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-52 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-52><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on <a href=/wiki/Inauguration_Day title="Inauguration Day" class=mw-redirect>Inauguration Day</a> for the incoming president.<sup id=cite_ref-53 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-53><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p><table class=mbox-small style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><div class=center><div class=floatnone><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png width=50 height=50 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x"></div></div><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style=line-height:1.1em><div class=haudio><div style="padding:2px 0" class=fn><a href=/wiki/File:Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg title="File:Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg">Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)</a></div><div style=padding-right:4px><div class=mediaContainer style=position:relative;display:block;width:220px><audio id=mwe_player_0 style=width:220px;height:23px poster=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png controls preload=none class=kskin data-durationhint=59.062857142857 data-startoffset=0 data-mwtitle=Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg data-mwprovider=wikimediacommons>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br>You can <a href=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Four_ruffles_and_flourishes%2C_hail_to_the_chief_%28long_version%29.ogg>download the clip</a> or <a href=//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download>download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div></div><hr><tr><td colspan=2 class=mbox-text style=line-height:1.1em><span style=font-size:smaller><i>Problems playing this file? See <a href=/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</i></span></table><p>During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a <a href=/wiki/State_Arrival_Ceremony title="State Arrival Ceremony">State Arrival Ceremony</a> held on the <a href=/wiki/South_Lawn title="South Lawn" class=mw-redirect>South Lawn</a>, a custom begun by <a href=/wiki/John_F._Kennedy title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961.<sup id=cite_ref-54 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-54><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> This is followed by a <a href=/wiki/White_House_State_Dinner title="White House State Dinner" class=mw-redirect>state dinner</a> given by the president which is held in the <a href=/wiki/State_Dining_Room title="State Dining Room">State Dining Room</a> later in the evening.<sup id=cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_55-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-55><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration <a href=/wiki/Public_relations title="Public relations">public relations</a> officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office."<sup id=cite_ref-tws11nov304_56-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11nov304-56><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted <a href=/wiki/Photo_op title="Photo op">photo-ops</a> of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<sup id=cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_57-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11novjopkl-57><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> One critic wrote the image of <a href=/wiki/John_F._Kennedy title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of <a href=/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109 title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT 109</a><sup id=cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_58-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11novfddxs-58><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<sup id=cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_59-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-59><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."<sup id=cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_60-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9novrfrff-60><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution>Critics of presidency's evolution</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=/wiki/Imperial_Presidency title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a></div><p>Most of the nation's <a href=/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> expected the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, which was the first branch of government described in the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive.<sup id=cite_ref-tws9nov09_61-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9nov09-61><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_62-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-62><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_63-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-63><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> unchecked, unbalanced,<sup id=cite_ref-tws9nov07_64-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9nov07-64><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> and "monarchist" in nature.<sup id=cite_ref-tws9nov08_65-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws9nov08-65><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href=/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana D. Nelson</a> believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies."<sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-66><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> She criticizes proponents of the <a href=/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive</a> for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress."<sup id=cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-66><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Activist <a href=/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(activist) title="Bill Wilson (activist)">Bill Wilson</a> opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule."<sup id=cite_ref-tws8nov06_67-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-tws8nov06-67><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Selection_process>Selection process</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:172px><a href=/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/170px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg width=170 height=203 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/255px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/340px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div><a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first President of the United States</div></div></div><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Eligibility>Eligibility</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=/wiki/Age_of_candidacy title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></div><p><a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 5</a> of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> sets the requirements to hold office. A president must:</p><ul><li>be a <a href=/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause title="Natural-born-citizen clause">natural-born citizen</a> of the United States;<sup id=cite_ref-68 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-68><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>be at least thirty-five years old;</li><li>have been a permanent <a href=/wiki/Residency_(domicile)#United_States_of_America title="Residency (domicile)">resident in the United States</a> for at least fourteen years.</li></ul><p>A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:</p><ul><li>Under the <a href=/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person who serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. Scholars disagree whether anyone no longer eligible to be elected president could be elected <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, pursuant to the qualifications set out under the <a href=/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-69 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-69><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Under <a href=/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment.3B_Punishment_on_conviction title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 7</a>, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding other federal offices, including the presidency.<sup id=cite_ref-70 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-70><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Under <a href=/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.</li></ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Campaigns_and_nomination>Campaigns and nomination</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primary</a>, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention</a>, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates title="United States presidential election debates">United States presidential election debates</a>, and <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a></div><p>The modern presidential campaign begins before the <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary title="United States presidential primary">primary elections</a>, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention title="United States presidential nominating convention">national nominating conventions</a>, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is <a href=/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics) title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber-stamped</a> by the convention.</p><p>Nominees participate in <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates title="United States presidential election debates">nationally televised debates</a>, and while the debates are usually restricted to the <a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href=/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States) title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as <a href=/wiki/Ross_Perot title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning <a href=/wiki/Swing_state title="Swing state">swing states</a> through frequent visits and <a href=/wiki/Mass_media title="Mass media">mass media</a> advertising drives.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Election_and_oath>Election and oath</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College (United States)</a> and <a href=/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">Oath of office of the President of the United States</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:Electoral_College_2012.svg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/220px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png width=220 height=128 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/330px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Electoral_College_2012.svg/440px-Electoral_College_2012.svg.png 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Electoral_College_2012.svg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>A map of the <a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a> showing the number of electoral votes allocated to each state following <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)#Apportionment title="Electoral College (United States)">reapportionment</a> based on the <a href=/wiki/2010_United_States_Census title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>; 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 overall</div></div></div><p>The president is elected <a href=/wiki/Indirect_election title="Indirect election">indirectly</a>. A number of electors, collectively known as the <a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, officially select the president. On <a href=/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States) title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>, voters in each of the states and the <a href=/wiki/Washington,_D.C. title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.</p><p>The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president—acting in his capacity as <a href=/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States title="President of the Senate">President of the Senate</a>—and read aloud to a <a href=/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session</a> of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.</p><p>Pursuant to the <a href=/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a>, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a>, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the <a href=/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential oath</a>:</p><blockquote class=templatequote><p>I do solemnly swear (or <a href=/wiki/Affirmation_in_law title="Affirmation in law">affirm</a>) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.<sup id=cite_ref-71 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-71><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Although not required, presidents have traditionally palmed a <a href=/wiki/Bible title=Bible>Bible</a> while swearing the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath.<sup id=cite_ref-72 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-72><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Further, although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the <a href=/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Tenure_and_term_limits>Tenure and term limits</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:172px><a href=/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/170px-FDR_in_1933.jpg width=170 height=200 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/255px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/340px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div><a href=/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> was elected to four terms before the adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment</div></div></div><p>The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before <a href=/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of <a href=/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and <a href=/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to "<a href=/wiki/Draft_(politics) title="Draft (politics)">draft</a>" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered <a href=/wiki/World_War_II title="World War II">World War II</a>, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944.</p><p>After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the <a href=/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a> was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. <a href=/wiki/Harry_S._Truman title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who was president when the amendment was adopted, and so by the amendment's provisions exempt from its limitation, also briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952 title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952 election</a>.</p><p>Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: <a href=/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> has been elected to a second term. <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> sought a second term, but were defeated. <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. <a href=/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following <a href=/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy's assassination</a>. However, Johnson <a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1968#Johnson_withdraws title="Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1968" class=mw-redirect>withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary</a>, surprising many Americans. <a href=/wiki/Gerald_Ford title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.</p><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Vacancy_or_disability>Vacancy or disability</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href=/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a>, <a href=/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a>, and <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States title="Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment in the United States</a></div><p>Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States#Senate title="Impeachment in the United States">removal from office</a>.</p><p><a href=/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Impeachment title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 4</a> of the Constitution allows the <a href=/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." <a href=/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Trial_of_Impeachments title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 6</a> gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in 1868 and <a href=/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.</p><p>Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes <a href=/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, by transmitting a statement to the <a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> and the <a href=/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a> stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties when he transmits, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President <a href=/wiki/Dick_Cheney title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure which required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.<sup id=cite_ref-73 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-73><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the <a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.</p><p>The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president but does not regulate the form of such a resignation or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the <a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-74 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-74><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> This has only occurred once, when <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> delivered a letter to <a href=/wiki/Henry_Kissinger title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> to that effect.</p><p>The Constitution states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death or resignation of the preceding president. If the offices of president and vice president both are either vacant or have a disabled holder of that office, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet <a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession title="United States presidential line of succession">in a set order</a>. <a href=/wiki/Special_election title="Special election" class=mw-redirect>Special elections</a> are never held for the office of president.</p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Compensation>Compensation</span></h2><table class=wikitable style="float:right;margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex"><caption><b>Presidential pay history</b></caption><tr style=text-align:center><th>Date established<th>Salary<th>Salary in 2012<p>dollars</p><tr><td>September 24, 1789<td style=text-align:right>$25,000<td style=text-align:right>$673,451<tr><td>March 3, 1873<td style=text-align:right>$50,000<td style=text-align:right>$992,777<tr><td>March 4, 1909<td style=text-align:right>$75,000<td style=text-align:right>$1,954,850<tr><td>January 19, 1949<td style=text-align:right>$100,000<td style=text-align:right>$967,315<tr><td>January 20, 1969<td style=text-align:right>$200,000<td style=text-align:right>$1,254,610<tr><td>January 20, 2001<td style=text-align:right>$400,000<td style=text-align:right>$519,979<tr><td colspan=3 style=text-align:center>Sources:<sup id=cite_ref-salary_history_75-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-salary_history-75><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-dollar_calc_76-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-dollar_calc-76><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_77-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-77><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup></table><p>As of 2001, the president earns a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment.<sup id=cite_ref-salary_details_78-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-salary_details-78><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_79-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-79><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.</p><p>The <a href=/wiki/White_House title="White House">White House</a> in <a href=/wiki/Washington,_D.C. title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> serves as the official place of residence for the president; he is entitled to use its staff and facilities, including medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for dry cleaning and food that he, his family, and personal guests consume; the high food bill often amazes new residents.<sup id=cite_ref-bumiller200901_80-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-bumiller200901-80><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as <a href=/wiki/Camp_David title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, is a mountain-based military camp in <a href=/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</a> used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and his guests. <a href=/wiki/Blair_House title="Blair House">Blair House</a>, located next to the <a href=/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a> at the White House Complex and <a href=/wiki/Lafayette_Park_(Washington) title="Lafayette Park (Washington)" class=mw-redirect>Lafayette Park</a>, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m<sup>2</sup>) of floor space which serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.<sup id=cite_ref-81 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-81><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>For ground travel, the president uses the <a href=/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(United_States) title="Presidential State Car (United States)" class=mw-redirect>presidential state car</a>, which is an armored <a href=/wiki/Limousine title=Limousine>limousine</a> built on a heavily modified <a href=/wiki/Cadillac title=Cadillac>Cadillac</a>-based <a href=/wiki/Chassis title=Chassis>chassis</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-USSSPRL_82-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-USSSPRL-82><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> One of two identical <a href=/wiki/Boeing_VC-25 title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a> aircraft, which are extensively modified versions of <a href=/wiki/Boeing_747 title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>-200B airliners, serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as <i><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_One title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></i> while the president is on board (although any military aircraft the President is aboard is designated Air Force One for the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated <a href=/wiki/Executive_One title="Executive One">Executive One</a> for the flight.<sup id=cite_ref-af1_83-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-af1-83><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-84 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-84><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> The president also has a fleet of thirty-five <a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> helicopters at his disposal of varying models, designated <i><a href=/wiki/Marine_One title="Marine One">Marine One</a></i> when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would-be threats.</p><p>The <a href=/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> is charged with protecting the sitting president and the <a href=/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States title="First Family of the United States">first family</a>. As part of their protection, presidents, <a href=/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States title="First Lady of the United States">first ladies</a>, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned <a href=/wiki/Secret_Service_codename title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codenames</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-junior_85-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-junior-85><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely <a href=/wiki/Encrypted title=Encrypted class=mw-redirect>encrypted</a>; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.<sup id=cite_ref-cbs-codenames_86-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-cbs-codenames-86><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"><li class=gallerycaption>Presidential Amenities</li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:19.5px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG/150px-WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG width=150 height=111></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p>The <a href=/wiki/White_House title="White House">White House</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:25px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Camp_David_1959.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_David_1959.jpg/150px-Camp_David_1959.jpg width=150 height=100></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Camp_David title="Camp David">Camp David</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:18.5px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Blair_House_daylight.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blair_House_daylight.jpg/150px-Blair_House_daylight.jpg width=150 height=113></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Blair_House title="Blair House">Blair House</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:23.5px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/150px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg width=150 height=103></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(United_States) title="Presidential State Car (United States)" class=mw-redirect>Presidential State Car</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/149px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg width=149 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_One title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></p></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:185px><div style=width:185px><div class=thumb style=width:180px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Marine_One_(1970).jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marine_One_%281970%29.jpg/150px-Marine_One_%281970%29.jpg width=150 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><p><a href=/wiki/Marine_One title="Marine One">Marine One</a></p></div></div></li></ul><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Post-presidency>Post-presidency</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/220px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg width=220 height=175 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/330px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg/440px-FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>Presidents <a href=/wiki/Gerald_Ford title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> dedicate the <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in 1991</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px><a href=/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg class=image><img alt="Group portrait of five presidential men in dark suits and ties" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg width=220 height=158 class=thumbimage srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"></a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><a href=/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg class=internal title=Enlarge><img src=//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png width=15 height=11 alt=""></a></div>Presidents <a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, with President-elect <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href=/wiki/Oval_Office title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on January 7, 2009</div></div></div><p>Beginning in 1959, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which is $199,700 each year as of 2012.<sup id=cite_ref-87 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-87><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect <a href=/wiki/Congressional_pension title="Congressional pension">congressional pensions</a>.<sup id=cite_ref-88 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-88><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href=/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a>, as amended, also provides former presidents with travel funds and <a href=/wiki/Franking title=Franking>franking</a> privileges. Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.<sup id=cite_ref-89 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-89><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-90 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-90><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<sup id=cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-secretservice.gov-91><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him, <a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and all subsequent presidents.<sup id=cite_ref-92 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-92><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection.<sup id=cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-1 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-secretservice.gov-91><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include <a href=/wiki/William_Howard_Taft title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>'s tenure as <a href=/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> and <a href=/wiki/Herbert_Hoover title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s work on government reorganization after <a href=/wiki/World_War_II title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: <a href=/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and <a href=/wiki/Andrew_Johnson title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> returned to the Senate in 1875. <a href=/wiki/John_Tyler title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> served in the provisional <a href=/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress of the Confederate States</a> during the <a href=/wiki/American_Civil_War title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.</p><p>Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<sup id=cite_ref-apreaction19810331_93-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-apreaction19810331-93><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id=cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_94-0 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-4presidentsphotos-94><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<sup id=cite_ref-95 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-95><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> has become a global <a href=/wiki/Human_rights title="Human rights">human rights</a> campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the <a href=/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. <a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American <a href=/wiki/Journalist title=Journalist>journalists</a>, <a href=/wiki/Laura_Ling title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</a> and <a href=/wiki/Euna_Lee title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a>, from <a href=/wiki/North_Korea title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife <a href=/wiki/Hillary_Clinton title="Hillary Clinton" class=mw-redirect>Hillary</a> on her <a href=/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2008 title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008">presidential bid</a> and President Obama on his <a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012 title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012">reelection campaign</a>.</p><p>Currently there are four living former presidents:</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"><li class=gallerycaption>Living former presidents</li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Carter_cropped.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/93px-Carter_cropped.jpg width=93 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> (D)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 1977–1981</small></div></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg/90px-43_George_H.W._Bush_3x4.jpg width=90 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b> (R)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 1989–1993</small></div></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/92px-Bill_Clinton.jpg width=92 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> (D)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 1993–2001</small></div></div></div></li><li class=gallerybox style=width:155px><div style=width:155px><div class=thumb style=width:150px><div style="margin:15px auto"><a href=/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush.jpg class=image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GeorgeWBush.jpg/96px-GeorgeWBush.jpg width=96 height=120></a></div></div><div class=gallerytext><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><b><a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></b> (R)</div><div class=center style=width:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto><small style=font-size:85%>served 2001–2009</small></div></div></div></li></ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Presidential_libraries>Presidential libraries</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href=/wiki/Presidential_library title="Presidential library">Presidential library</a></div><p>Since <a href=/wiki/Herbert_Hoover title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, each president has created a <a href=/wiki/Institutional_repository title="Institutional repository">repository</a> known as a <a href=/wiki/Presidential_library title="Presidential library">presidential library</a> for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the <a href=/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.<sup id=cite_ref-96 class=reference><a href=#cite_note-96><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations, such as the <a href=/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by the State of <a href=/wiki/Illinois title=Illinois>Illinois</a>.</p><p>As many presidents live for many years after leaving office, several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries, some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document, such as the <a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href=/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a> and the <a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in <a href=/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley, California</a>. The graves are viewable by the general public visiting these libraries.</p><h2><span class=mw-headline id=See_also>See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em"><table style=background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px><tr valign=middle><td style=text-align:center><a href=/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg class=image><img alt="Portal icon" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/28px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png width=28 height=28 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/42px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/56px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x"></a><td style="padding:0 .2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href=/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States title="Portal:Government of the United States">Government of the United States portal</a></table></div><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency>Lists relating to the United States presidency</span></h3><p><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States</a></p><div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style=-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2><div class=CategoryTreeTag data-ct-mode=10 data-ct-options={"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false}><script id=ct-1-6324>categoryTreeLoadChildren("Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency",{mode:10,hideprefix:20,showcount:!1,namespaces:!1,depth:1},document.getElementById("ct-1-6324").parentNode);</script></div></div><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Categories>Categories</span></h3><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_history title="Category:United States presidential history">Category:United States presidential history</a></li></ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Articles>Articles</span></h3><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Imperial_Presidency title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a></li><li><i><a href=/wiki/The_Imperial_Presidency title="The Imperial Presidency">The Imperial Presidency</a></i></li><li><a href=/wiki/Imperiled_presidency title="Imperiled presidency">Imperiled presidency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 Coin Program</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Second-term_curse title="Second-term curse">Second-term curse</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">United States presidential line of succession in fiction</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></li></ul><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Notes>Notes</span></h2><div class=reflist style=list-style-type:decimal><ol class=references><li id=cite_note-68><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-68>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Foreign-born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency. However, this allowance has since become obsolete.</span></li></ol></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=References>References</span></h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style=-moz-column-width:30em;-webkit-column-width:30em;column-width:30em;list-style-type:decimal><ol class=references><li id=cite_note-1><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-1>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF">"How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 2, 1891.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=How+To+Address+The+President%3B+He+Is+Not+Your+Excellency+Or+Your+Honor%2C+But+Mr.+President&rft.date=August+2%2C+1891&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-2><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-2>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html>"USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4"</a>. Usgs.gov. 2007-07-18<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2012-11-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=USGS+Correspondence+Handbook+-+Chapter+4&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fusgs-manual%2Fhandbook%2Fhb%2F431-2-h%2Fchap4.html&rft.pub=Usgs.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-3><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-3>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm>"Models of Address and Salutation"</a>. Ita.doc.gov<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Models+of+Address+and+Salutation&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita.doc.gov%2Fita_sec%2FAddress%2520and%2520Salutation.htm&rft.pub=Ita.doc.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-4><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-4>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf>HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS</a>, Protocol and Liaison Service, <a href=/wiki/United_Nations title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</span></li><li id=cite_note-5><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-5>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim>"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"</a>. <i>WhiteHouse.gov</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved July 19, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama%2C+President+Mubarak%2C+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah%2C+Prime+Minister+Netanyahu+and+President+Abbas+Before+Working+Dinner&rft.aulast=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft.au=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft.date=September+1%2C+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fremarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim&rft.jtitle=WhiteHouse.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-6><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-6>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020>"Exchange of Letters"</a>. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. September 1978<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved July 19, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Exchange+of+Letters&rft.date=September+1978&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fwcm%2Fcontent%2Fsite%2Fpalestine%2Fcache%2Foffonce%2Fpid%2F12020&rft.pub=Permanent+Observer+Mission+of+Palestine+to+the+United+Nations&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-7><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-7>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Safire, William, <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"On language: POTUS and FLOTUS," New York Times, October 12, 1997</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2012.</span></li><li id=cite_note-8><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-8>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Noer, Michael; Perlroth, Nicole (November 11, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html>"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Noer&rft.au=Noer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Perlroth%2C+Nicole&rft.date=November+11%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F09%2Fworld-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-9><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-9>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html>"The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel"</a>. Lasentinel.net<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Most+Powerful+Man+in+the+World+is+a+Black+Man+%E2%80%93+The+Los+Angeles+Sentinel&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasentinel.net%2FThe-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html&rft.pub=Lasentinel.net&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-10><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-10>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world>"Who should be the world's most powerful person?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London). January 3, 2008.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Who+should+be+the+world%27s+most+powerful+person%3F&rft.date=January+3%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjan%2F03%2Fuselections2008.world&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-11><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-11>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Jon Meacham (December 20, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html>"Meacham: The History of Power"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Meacham%3A+The+History+of+Power&rft.au=Jon+Meacham&rft.aulast=Jon+Meacham&rft.date=December+20%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Fthe-story-of-power.html&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-12><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-12>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Fareed Zakaria (December 20, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html>"The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+NEWSWEEK+50%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.au=Fareed+Zakaria&rft.aulast=Fareed+Zakaria&rft.date=December+20%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2F1-barack-obama.html&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-13><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-13>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html>"Transcript of the Constitution of the United States – Official"</a>. Archives.gov<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Official&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_transcript.html&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-14><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-14>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3038511>The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power,' Henry Jones Ford, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 5, Fifth Annual Meeting (1908)</a> Retrieved March 17, 2010</span></li><li id=cite_note-15><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-15>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation journal">Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). "The President's Legislative Agenda". <i>Philippinesfdgdg dfd gdgdf gdgfdg dgfdfg dfgfd gdf gsfdg fdgdsg</i> <b>499</b>: 22–35. <a href=/wiki/Digital_object_identifier title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716288499001002>10.1177/0002716288499001002</a> .</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Legislative+Agenda&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.aulast=Pfiffner&rft.au=Pfiffner%2C+J.+P.&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716288499001002&rft.jtitle=Philippinesfdgdg+dfd+gdgdf+gdgfdg+dgfdfg+dfgfd+gdf+gsfdg+fdgdsg&rft.pages=22%E2%80%9335&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=499" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> <span class="plainlinks noprint" style=font-size:smaller><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.2307.2F1045815&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li><li id=cite_note-16><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-16>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/">Our Government • The Executive Branch</a>, The White House</span></li><li id=cite_note-the_presidency-17><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-the_presidency_17-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/">"The Executive Branch"</a>. <a href=/wiki/Whitehouse.gov title=Whitehouse.gov class=mw-redirect>Whitehouse.gov</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 27, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Executive+Branch&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Four_government%2Fexecutive_branch%2F&rft.pub=Whitehouse.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span>. <a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice; as the 22nd and 24th presidents.</span></li><li id=cite_note-Milkis-18><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-2><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-3><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-4><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-5><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Milkis_18-6><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). <i>The American Presidency: Origins and Development</i> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 1–25. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7 title=Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7>0-87289-336-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&rft.aulast=Milkis&rft.au=Milkis%2C+Sidney+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency%3A+Origins+and+Development&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87289-336-7&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9325&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-Kelly-19><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-Kelly_19-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Kelly_19-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-Kelly_19-2><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991). <i>The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development</i> <b>I</b> (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76–81. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0 title=Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0>0-393-96056-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Belz%2C+Herman&rft.aufirst=Alfred+H.&rft.au=Harbison%2C+Winfred+A.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Alfred+H.&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.btitle=The+American+Constitution%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-96056-0&rft.pages=76%E2%80%9381&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=I" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-Beeman-20><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-Beeman_20-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation book">Beeman, Richard (2009). <i>Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution</i>. New York: Random House. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3 title=Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3>0-8129-7684-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Beeman%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.btitle=Plain%2C+Honest+Men%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Constitution&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8129-7684-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-ucp-21><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-ucp_21-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></i>. April 8, 2011<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved February 25, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=DOD+Releases+Unified+Command+Plan+2011&rft.date=April+8%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D14398&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-22><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-22>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/10/164.html>§ 164</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-23><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-23>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2">About the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</span></li><li id=cite_note-24><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-24>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>. <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm><i>The Federalist</i> #69</a> (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</span></li><li id=cite_note-miller-center-25><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-miller-center_25-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report>"The National War Powers Commission Report"</a> (PDF). The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved December 15, 2010</span>. "No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report “pursuant” to these triggering provisions."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Baker%2C+III&rft.au=Christopher%2C+James+A.&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.btitle=The+National+War+Powers+Commission+Report&rft.date=July+8%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpolicy%2Fcommissions%2Fwarpowers%2Freport&rft.pub=The+Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws12novef-26><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-2><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-tws12novef_26-3><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html>"The Law: The President's War Powers"</a>. <i>Time</i>. June 1, 1970<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 28, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+The+President%27s+War+Powers&rft.date=June+1%2C+1970&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878290%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov102-27><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov102_27-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html>"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.au=Alison+Mitchell&rft.aulast=Alison+Mitchell&rft.date=May+2%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov101-28><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov101_28-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html>"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.au=Alison+Mitchell&rft.aulast=Alison+Mitchell&rft.date=May+2%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov100-29><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov100_29-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Michael R. Gordon (December 20, 1990). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article>"U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=U.S.+troops+move+in+panama+in+effort+to+seize+noriega%3B+gunfire+is+heard+in+capital&rft.aulast=Michael+R.+Gordon&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gordon&rft.date=December+20%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1220.html%23article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-30><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-30>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3>"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"</a>. <i>law.cornell.edu</i>. Legal Information Institute. 2012<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 7, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Article+II%2C+Section+3%2C+U.S.+Constitution&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii%23section3&rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-31><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-31>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch>"The Executive Branch"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_White_House title="The White House" class=mw-redirect>The White House</a> website</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 17, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Executive+Branch&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Four-government%2Fexecutive-branch&rft.jtitle=The+White+House+website&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-32><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-32>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><i>Shurtleff v. United States</i>, 189 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/189/311/case.html>311</a> (1903); <i><a href=/wiki/Myers_v._United_States title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, 272 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/272/52/case.html>52</a> (1926).</span></li><li id=cite_note-33><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-33>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><i><a href=/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i>, 295 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/295/602/case.html>602</a> (1935) and <i><a href=/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a></i>, 487 <a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://supreme.justia.com/us/487/654/case.html>654</a> (1988), respectively.</span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov12-34><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov12_34-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">David Johnston (December 24, 1992). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html>"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span style=padding-right:.2em>'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.au=David+Johnston&rft.aulast=David+Johnston&rft.date=December+24%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov11-35><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov11_35-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">David Johnston (December 24, 1992). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html>"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span style=padding-right:.2em>'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.au=David+Johnston&rft.aulast=David+Johnston&rft.date=December+24%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov10-36><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov10_36-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Peter Eisler (March 7, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm>"Clinton-papers release blocked"</a>. USA TODAY<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Peter+Eisler&rft.au=Peter+Eisler&rft.btitle=Clinton-papers+release+blocked&rft.date=March+7%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm&rft.pub=USA+TODAY&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-37><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-37>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html>"Executive Privilege 101"</a>. Center for American Progress<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Millhiser%2C+Ian&rft.au=Millhiser%2C+Ian&rft.btitle=Executive+Privilege+101&rft.date=June+1%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2F2010%2F06%2Fexecutive_privilege.html&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-38><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-38>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html>"Part III of the opinion in <i>Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan'<span style=padding-right:.2em>'</span>"</i></a>. Caselaw.findlaw.com<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 29, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Part+III+of+the+opinion+in+%27%27Mohamed+v.+Jeppesen+Dataplan%27%27&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-9th-circuit%2F1537579.html&rft.pub=Caselaw.findlaw.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-ACS-39><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-ACS_39-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-ACS_39-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.acslaw.org/Advance%20Spring%2009/Reforming%20the%20State%20Secrets%20Privilege.pdf>"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. American Constitution Society<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Florence%2C+Justin&rft.au=Frost%2C+Amanda&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.btitle=Reforming+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acslaw.org%2FAdvance%2520Spring%252009%2FReforming%2520the%2520State%2520Secrets%2520Privilege.pdf&rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-40><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-40>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation journal">Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (The Academy of Political Science) <b>120</b> (1): 85–112. "Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=State+Secrets+and+Executive+Power&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.au=Pallitto%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+William+G.&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.pages=85%E2%80%93112&rft.pub=The+Academy+of+Political+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=120" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-41><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-41>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html>"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_New_York_Times title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class=reference-accessdate>. 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Retrieved October 8, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.aulast=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.btitle=Background+on+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.date=January+31%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fnational-security%2Fbackground-state-secrets-privilege&rft.pub=ACLU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws28sep08-45><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws28sep08_45-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Eric Cantor (July 30, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html>"Obama's 32 Czars"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. 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Legal experts discuss the implications."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Transcript+%E2%80%93+Ray+Suarez+and+others&rft.au=Transcript+%E2%80%93+Ray+Suarez+and+others&rft.btitle=President%27s+Use+of+%27Signing+Statements%27+Raises+Constitutional+Concerns&rft.date=July+24%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fwhite_house%2Fjuly-dec06%2Fsigning_07-24.html&rft.pub=PBS+Online+NewsHour&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws28sep-48><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws28sep_48-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">George F. 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Retrieved May 14, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+White+House+State+Dinner&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fwhha_press%2Fpress_archives%2Fwhha_info-statedinner.pdf&rft.jtitle=The+White+House+Historical+Association&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11nov304-56><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11nov304_56-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Rachel Dykoski (November 1, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all">"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy<span style=padding-right:.2em>"</span>"</a>. Twin Cities Daily Planet<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Rachel+Dykoski&rft.au=Rachel+Dykoski&rft.btitle=Book+note%3A+Presidential+idolatry+is+%22Bad+for+Democracy%22&rft.date=November+1%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fbook-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html%3Fmini%3Deventcalendar%2F2009%2F02%2Fall&rft.pub=Twin+Cities+Daily+Planet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11novjopkl-57><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_57-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">John Neffinger (April 2, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html>"Democrats vs. <i>Science</i>: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Democrats+vs.+%27%27Science%27%27%3A+Why+We%27re+So+Damn+Good+at+Losing+Elections&rft.au=John+Neffinger&rft.aulast=John+Neffinger&rft.date=April+2%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-neffinger%2Fdemocrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11novfddxs-58><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_58-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&source=bl&ots=BQX6dXpTNw&sig=qbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI&hl=en&ei=ZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6 title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6>978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.btitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26pg%3DPA57%26lpg%3DPA57%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DBQX6dXpTNw%26sig%3Dqbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CA8Q6AEwAg%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-59><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_59-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&q=kennedy#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href=/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6 title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6>978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 11, 2009</span>. "Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of image... (p.54)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.btitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26q%3Dkennedy%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9novrfrff-60><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_60-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Lexington (July 21, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm>"The Cult of the Presidency"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Presidency&rft.aulast=Lexington&rft.au=Lexington&rft.date=July+21%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Flexington%2F2009%2F07%2Fthe_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9nov09-61><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9nov09_61-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html>"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "the founding fathers had 'scant affection for strong executives' like England’s king, and ... Bush White House’s claims are rooted in ideas “about the ‘divine’ right of kings” ... and that certainly did not find their 'way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.'"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&rft.aulast=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.date=July+6%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-62><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_62-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-sirota/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html>"The Conquest of Presidentialism"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. August 22, 2008<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 20, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Presidentialism&rft.date=August+22%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-sirota%2Fthe-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-63><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_63-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">interview by David Schimke (September–October 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx>"Presidential Power to the People – Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch"</a>. <i>Utne Reader</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 20, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Presidential+Power+to+the+People+%E2%80%93+Author+Dana+D.+Nelson+on+why+democracy+demands+that+the+next+president+be+taken+down+a+notch&rft.au=interview+by+David+Schimke&rft.aulast=interview+by+David+Schimke&rft.date=September-October+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2F2008-09-01%2FPolitics%2FPresidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx&rft.jtitle=Utne+Reader&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9nov07-64><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9nov07_64-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Ross Linker (September 27, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2007/09/27/NewsFeatures/Critical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml>"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite"</a>. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Ross+Linker&rft.au=Ross+Linker&rft.btitle=Critical+of+Presidency%2C+Prof.+Ginsberg+and+Crenson+unite&rft.date=September+27%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.jhunewsletter.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper932%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F27%2FNewsFeatures%2FCritical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml&rft.pub=The+Johns-Hopkins+Newsletter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws9nov08-65><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws9nov08_65-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html>"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 9, 2009</span>. "UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&rft.aulast=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani+%28book+reviewer%29&rft.date=July+6%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-66><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_66-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story>"Opinion–The 'unitary executive' question – What do McCain and Obama think of the concept?"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 21, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Opinion%E2%80%93The+%27unitary+executive%27+question+%E2%80%93+What+do+McCain+and+Obama+think+of+the+concept%3F&rft.au=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.aulast=Dana+D.+Nelson&rft.date=October+11%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-tws8nov06-67><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-tws8nov06_67-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Scott Shane (September 25, 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html>"A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 8, 2009</span>. "There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama’s Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. 'I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them,' Mr. Wilson, the group’s president, tells his eager researchers."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=A+Critic+Finds+Obama+Policies+a+Perfect+Target&rft.aulast=Scott+Shane&rft.au=Scott+Shane&rft.date=September+25%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F26activist.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-69><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-69>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>See: <span class="citation journal">Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". <i>Minnesota Law Review</i> (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Law Review) <b>83</b> (565).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Twice+and+Future+President%3A+Constitutional+Interstices+and+the+Twenty-Second+Amendment&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.au=Gant%2C+Scott+E.&rft.aulast=Peabody&rft.au=Peabody%2C+Bruce+G.&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=565&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=83" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span>; alternatively, see: <span class="citation journal">Albert, Richard (2005). "The Evolving Vice Presidency". <i>Temple Law Review</i> (Philadelphia, PA: <a href=/wiki/Temple_University title="Temple University">Temple University</a> of the <a href=/wiki/Commonwealth_System_of_Higher_Education title="Commonwealth System of Higher Education">Commonwealth System of Higher Education</a>) <b>78</b> (811, at 856–9).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Vice+Presidency&rft.au=Albert%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=811%2C+at+856%E2%80%939&rft.jtitle=Temple+Law+Review&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Temple+University+of+the+Commonwealth+System+of+Higher+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=78" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-70><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-70>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>See <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/browse2002.html#2002>GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution, 2002 Ed.</a>, at 611 & nn.772–73.</span></li><li id=cite_note-71><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-71>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8.</span></li><li id=cite_note-72><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-72>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28663712/ns/politics-inauguration/t/judge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath/">"Judge doesn't ban "God" in inaugural oath"</a>. <a href=/wiki/Associated_Press title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 15, 2009<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 18, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Judge+doesn%27t+ban+%22God%22+in+inaugural+oath&rft.date=January+15%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F28663712%2Fns%2Fpolitics-inauguration%2Ft%2Fjudge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-73><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-73>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Guardian, "<a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/20/usa.dickcheney>Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge</a>", July 20, 2007</span></li><li id=cite_note-74><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-74>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/3/20.html>§ 20</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-salary_history-75><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-salary_history_75-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606213444/http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/">"Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries, 1789+"</a>. <a href=/wiki/University_of_Michigan title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Archived from <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/">the original</a> on June 6, 2011<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Salaries%2C+1789%2B&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Fnode%2F11736%2F&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-dollar_calc-76><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-dollar_calc_76-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/#>Relative Value in US Dollars</a>. <i>Measuring Worth</i>. Retrieved May 30, 2006.</span></li><li id=cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-77><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_77-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl#>Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator</a>. <i>Inflation Calculator</i>. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</span></li><li id=cite_note-salary_details-78><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-salary_details_78-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://people.howstuffworks.com/question449.htm>"How much does the U.S. president get paid?"</a>. <i>Howstuffworks</i>. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</span></li><li id=cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-79><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_79-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf>Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet</a>. <i>United States Senate</i> website. Retrieved August 6, 2009.</span></li><li id=cite_note-bumiller200901-80><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-bumiller200901_80-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news">Bumiller, Elizabeth (January 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/01/president/bumiller-text>"Inside the Presidency"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved June 24, 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&rft.date=January+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fprint%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-81><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-81>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/buildingView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=/ep/channel/gsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-25241&bid=724">"President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 30, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=President%27s+Guest+House+%28includes+Lee+House+and+Blair+House%29%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsa.gov%2FPortal%2Fgsa%2Fep%2FbuildingView.do%3FpageTypeId%3D17109%26channelPage%3D%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp%26channelId%3D-25241%26bid%3D724&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-USSSPRL-82><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-USSSPRL_82-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf>New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet</a> US Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009</span></li><li id=cite_note-af1-83><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-af1_83-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.whitehouse.gov/whmo/af1.html>Air Force One</a>. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</span></li><li id=cite_note-84><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-84>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text>Any <a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> aircraft carrying the president will use the <a href=/wiki/Call_sign title="Call sign">call sign</a> "Air Force One." Similarly, "<a href=/wiki/Navy_One title="Navy One">Navy One</a>", "<a href=/wiki/Army_One title="Army One">Army One</a>", and "<a href=/wiki/Coast_Guard_One title="Coast Guard One">Coast Guard One</a>" are the call signs used if the presidenet is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "<a href=/wiki/Executive_One title="Executive One">Executive One</a>" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.</span></li><li id=cite_note-junior-85><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-junior_85-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm>"Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names"</a>. <a href=/wiki/National_Park_Service title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 18, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Junior+Secret+Service+Program%3A+Assignment+7.+Code+Names&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Feise%2Fsecret16.htm&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-cbs-codenames-86><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-cbs-codenames_86-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073">"Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail"</a>. <a href=/wiki/CBS title=CBS>CBS</a>. September 16, 2008<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved November 12, 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Candidate+Code+Names+Secret+Service+Monikers+Used+On+The+Campaign+Trail&rft.date=September+16%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F09%2F16%2Fearlyshow%2Fmain4452073.shtml%3Fsource%3DRSSattr%3DPolitics_4452073&rft.pub=CBS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-87><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-87>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web">Schwemle, Barbara L. (October 17, 2012). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf>"President of the United States: Compensation"</a>. Congressional Research Service<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 10, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&rft.aulast=Schwemle&rft.au=Schwemle%2C+Barbara+L.&rft.btitle=President+of+the+United+States%3A+Compensation&rft.date=October+17%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS20115.pdf&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-88><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-88>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html>"Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/The_Blade_(newspaper) title="The Blade (newspaper)">Toledo Blade</a></i>. January 7, 2007<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved May 22, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Former+presidents+cost+U.S.+taxpayers+big+bucks&rft.date=January+7%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2FPolitics%2F2007%2F01%2F07%2FFormer-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-89><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-89>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/3056.html>§ 3056</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-90><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-90>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html>"Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses"</a>. The Associated Press. January 10, 2013<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 10, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Obama+signs+bill+granting+lifetime+Secret+Service+protection+to+former+presidents+and+spouses&rft.date=January+10%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fc4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html&rft.pub=The+Associated+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-secretservice.gov-91><span class=mw-cite-backlink>^ <a href=#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-0><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_91-1><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external free" href=http://www.secretservice.gov/protection.shtml>http://www.secretservice.gov/protection.shtml</a></span></li><li id=cite_note-92><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-92>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all">"Obama signs protection bill for former presidents"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. January 10, 2013<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 14, 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Obama+signs+protection+bill+for+former+presidents&rft.date=January+10%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjan%2F10%2Finside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-apreaction19810331-93><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-apreaction19810331_93-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation news"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618">"Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States"</a>. Associated Press. March 31, 1981<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved March 11, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Shock+and+Anger+Flash+Throughout+the+United+States&rft.date=March+31%2C+1981&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTE4tAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DbM4FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dreagan%2520assassination%25201981%26pg%3D1392%252C4423618&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-4presidentsphotos-94><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_94-0>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html>"FOUR PRESIDENTS"</a>. Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration<span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved April 3, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=FOUR+PRESIDENTS&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fphotographs%2Ffour.html&rft.pub=Reagan+Presidential+Library%2C+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li id=cite_note-95><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-95>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/RichardNixon/">Biography of Richard M. Nixon</a>, The White House</span></li><li id=cite_note-96><span class=mw-cite-backlink><b><a href=#cite_ref-96>^</a></b></span> <span class=reference-text><a href=/wiki/Title_44_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 44 of the United States Code">44 U.S.C.</a> <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/44/2112.html>§ 2112</a></span></li></ol></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Further_reading>Further reading</span></h2><div class=refbegin><ul><li><span class="citation journal"><a href=/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</a> (January 2009). <a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/president/bumiller-text>"Inside the Presidency"</a>. <i><a href=/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine title="National Geographic Magazine" class=mw-redirect>National Geographic</a></i> <b>215</b> (1): 130–149.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elisabeth&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.date=January+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.pages=130%E2%80%93149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=215" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li>Couch, Ernie. <i>Presidential Trivia.</i> Rutledge Hill Press. March 1, 1996. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558534121 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55853-412-1</a></li><li>Lang, J. Stephen. <i>The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia.</i> Pelican Publishing. September 2001. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565548779 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56554-877-9</a></li><li>Leonard Leo, James Taranto, and William J. Bennett. <i>Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House.</i> Simon and Schuster, June 2004, hardcover, 304 pages, <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743254333 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7432-5433-3</a></li><li><i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>, published by Blackwell Synergy, is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency.</li><li>Waldman, Michael, and George Stephanopoulos. <i>My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush.</i> Sourcebooks Trade. September 2003. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402200277 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4022-0027-7</a></li><li>Winder, Michael K. <i><a href=/wiki/Presidents_and_Prophets title="Presidents and Prophets">Presidents and Prophets</a>: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church</i>. Covenant Communications. September 2007. <a href=/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598114522 class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59811-452-2</a></li></ul></div><h2><span class=mw-headline id=External_links>External links</span></h2><table style=float:right><tr><td><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png width=38 height=40 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x"><td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href=/wiki/Wikisource title=Wikisource>Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:<div style=margin-left:10px><b><a href=//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="wikisource:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></div></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png width=30 height=40 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x"><td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href=//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="commons:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></b></i>.</table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"><tr><td class=mbox-image><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png width=40 height=40 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/80px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png 2x"><td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a href=//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States class=extiw title="q:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></i></table></table><dl><dt>Official</dl><ul><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/">"Executive Office of the President"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved January 21, 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Executive+Office+of+the+President&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Feop%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/">"White House"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=White+House&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fpresident%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span></li></ul><dl><dt>Presidential histories</dl><ul><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html>A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825</a> Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresidents.org/">"Life Portraits of the American Presidents"</a>. <i>C-SPAN</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Life+Portraits+of+the+American+Presidents&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpresidents.org%2F&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Companion website for the C-SPAN television series: <i>American Presidents: Life Portraits</i></li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.footnote.com/us-presidents.php>"Presidential Documents from the National Archives"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved March 21, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Presidential+Documents+from+the+National+Archives&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fus-presidents.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other documents from the National Archives</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/">"The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>UC Santa Barbara</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2F&rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Barbara&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents</li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.history.com/topics/the-us-presidents>The History Channel: US Presidents</a></li></ul><dl><dt>Miscellaneous</dl><ul><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">"All the President's Roles"</a>. <i>Ask Gleaves</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 20, 2006</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=All+the+President%27s+Roles&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvsu.edu%2Fhauenstein%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57&rft.jtitle=Ask+Gleaves&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Article analyzing a president's many hats</li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/">Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies</a> Educational site on the American presidency</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0768854.html>"Presidents' Occupations"</a><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Presidents%27+Occupations&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fipka%2FA0768854.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Listing of every President's occupations before and after becoming the Commander in Chief</li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html>"The Masonic Presidents Tour"</a>. <i>The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved October 7, 2005</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Masonic+Presidents+Tour&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagrandlodge.org%2Fmlam%2Fpresidents%2Findex.html&rft.jtitle=The+Masonic+Library+and+Museum+of+Pennsylvania&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> Brief histories of the Masonic careers of Presidents who were members of the <a href=/wiki/Freemasonry title=Freemasonry>Freemasons</a></li><li><span class="citation web"><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/">"The Presidents"</a>. <i>American Experience</i><span class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved March 4, 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Presidents&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class=Z3988><span style=display:none> </span> PBS site on the American presidency</li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/index.html>Presidents of the United States: Resource Guides</a> from the <a href=/wiki/Library_of_Congress title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li><li><a rel=nofollow class="external text" href=http://www.shapell.org/collection.aspx>Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a> Images of documents written by U.S. presidents</li></ul><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=3><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Presidents title="Template:US Presidents"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:US_Presidents title="Template talk:US Presidents"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Presidents&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hnum" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ol><li><a href=/wiki/George_Washington title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_Adams title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_Madison title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_Monroe title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Andrew_Jackson title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_Tyler title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_K._Polk title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Zachary_Taylor title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Millard_Fillmore title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Franklin_Pierce title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_Buchanan title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Andrew_Johnson title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/James_A._Garfield title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Grover_Cleveland title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/William_McKinley title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/William_Howard_Taft title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Warren_G._Harding title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Herbert_Hoover title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Harry_S._Truman title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/John_F._Kennedy title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Richard_Nixon title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Gerald_Ford title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Jimmy_Carter title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ronald_Reagan title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/George_H._W._Bush title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Bill_Clinton title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/George_W._Bush title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Barack_Obama title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li></ol></div><td class=navbox-image rowspan=1 style="width:0;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href=/wiki/File:Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg class=image><img alt="Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/100px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png width=100 height=100 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/150px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg/200px-Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America.svg.png 2x"></a></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Chief_Executives title="Template:US Chief Executives"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:US_Chief_Executives title="Template talk:US Chief Executives"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Chief_Executives&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%>Chief executives of the United States</div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>President<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Governor_(United_States) title="Governor (United States)">State governors</a><br>(<a href=/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska title="List of Governors of Alaska">Alaska</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona title="List of Governors of Arizona">Arizona</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California title="List of Governors of California">California</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Colorado title="List of Governors of Colorado" class=mw-redirect>Colorado</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Delaware title="List of Governors of Delaware">Delaware</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii title="List of Governors of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho title="List of Governors of Idaho">Idaho</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Illinois title="List of Governors of Illinois">Illinois</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana title="List of Governors of Indiana">Indiana</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Iowa title="List of Governors of Iowa">Iowa</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kansas title="List of Governors of Kansas">Kansas</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky title="List of Governors of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine title="List of Governors of Maine">Maine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland title="List of Governors of Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Massachusetts title="List of Governors of Massachusetts" class=mw-redirect>Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan title="List of Governors of Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota title="List of Governors of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri title="List of Governors of Missouri">Missouri</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana title="List of Governors of Montana">Montana</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nebraska title="List of Governors of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada title="List of Governors of Nevada">Nevada</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Hampshire title="List of Governors of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey title="List of Governors of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico title="List of Governors of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York title="List of Governors of New York">New York</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina title="List of Governors of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota title="List of Governors of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Ohio title="List of Governors of Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma title="List of Governors of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oregon title="List of Governors of Oregon">Oregon</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rhode_Island title="List of Governors of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Carolina title="List of Governors of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Dakota title="List of Governors of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee title="List of Governors of Tennessee" class=mw-redirect>Tennessee</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas title="List of Governors of Texas">Texas</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Utah title="List of Governors of Utah">Utah</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Vermont title="List of Governors of Vermont">Vermont</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia title="List of Governors of Virginia">Virginia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington title="List of Governors of Washington">Washington</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin title="List of Governors of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wyoming title="List of Governors of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial executives</a><br>(<a href=/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#United_States_Territories_and_the_District_of_Columbia title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_governors_of_American_Samoa title="List of governors of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C. title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Guam title="List of Governors of Guam">Guam</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands title="List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Puerto_Rico title="List of Governors of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands title="List of Governors of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a><br></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><i>Defunct</i><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Lists_of_territorial_governors_of_the_United_States title="Category:Lists of territorial governors of the United States">Pre-state territories</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone title="List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines title="List of Presidents of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> (until 1935)</li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Cuba title="List of colonial heads of Cuba" class=mw-redirect>Cuba</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic#List_of_unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li></ul></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents title="Template:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents title="Template talk:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%>Lists related to the <strong class=selflink>Presidents</strong> and <a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice Presidents of the United States</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age title="List of Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of autobiographies by Presidents of the United States">Autobiographies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_birth title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of birth">Birth</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of burial places of Presidents of the United States">Burial</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_military_rank title="List of United States Presidents by military rank">Military rank</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service title="List of Presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_by_net_worth title="List of United States Presidents by net worth">Net worth</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Living Presidents of the United States">Number living</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office title="List of Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Timeline of Presidents of the United States">Timeline</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Professional careers<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Presidents_and_control_of_Congress title="United States Presidents and control of Congress">Control of Congress</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_the_President_of_the_United_States title="List of international trips made by the President of the United States">International trips</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments title="List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Presidential_library#List_of_presidential_libraries title="Presidential library">Libraries</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held title="List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_political_affiliation title="List of Presidents of the United States by political affiliation">Political affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States,_sortable_by_previous_experience title="List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Personal life<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office title="List of Presidents of the United States who died in office">Deaths in office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education title="List of Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair title="List of Presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Handedness_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Handedness of Presidents of the United States">Handedness</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_multilingual_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of multilingual Presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_name title="List of Presidents of the United States by name">Names</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_United_States_Presidents title="List of nicknames of United States Presidents">Nicknames</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state title="List of Presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_occupation title="List of Presidents of the United States by occupation">Previous occupation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_residences_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of residences of Presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Summer_White_Houses title="Summer White Houses" class=mw-redirect>Summer White Houses</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice presidents</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_place_of_primary_affiliation title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by place of primary affiliation">Place of primary affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_religious_affiliation title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by religious affiliation">Religious affiliation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Acting_Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Acting Vice President of the United States">Vacancies</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Succession<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Designated_survivor title="Designated survivor">Designated survivor</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession title="United States presidential line of succession">Line of succession</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">Elections</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic tickets</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican tickets</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States_who_received_at_least_one_electoral_vote title="List of candidates for President of the United States who received at least one electoral vote">Candidates with at least one electoral vote</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates title="List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates">Female</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_presidents_who_ran_for_office_after_leaving_the_presidency title="List of former United States presidents who ran for office after leaving the presidency">Former presidents who ran again</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_home_state title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their home state" class=mw-redirect>Lost their home state</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Families<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States title="First Family of the United States">First Family</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States title="First Lady of the United States">First ladies</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States title="List of First Ladies of the United States">list</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Living_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States title="Living First Ladies of the United States">number living</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States title="Second Lady of the United States">Second ladies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_children_of_the_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of children of the Presidents of the United States">Children</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_relatives title="List of U.S. presidential relatives">Relatives</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Namesakes, honors<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/U.S._presidents_on_U.S._postage_stamps title="U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp appearances</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidents_on_currency title="List of United States Presidents on currency">Currency appearances</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_U.S._Presidents title="List of U.S. counties named after U.S. Presidents">U.S. county names</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>In fiction<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_fictional_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of fictional Presidents of the United States" class=mw-redirect>Presidents</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_fictional_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States title="List of fictional Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice Presidents</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_fictional_United_States_presidential_candidates title="List of fictional United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">Line of succession</a></li></ul></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=3><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:EOP_agencies title="Template:EOP agencies"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:EOP_agencies title="Template talk:EOP agencies"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:EOP_agencies&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><span class=flagicon><img alt="" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png width=23 height=14 class=thumbborder srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.png 2x"></span> <a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Homeland_Security_Council title="United States Homeland Security Council">Homeland Security Council</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_Administration title="Office of Administration">Office of Administration</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President%27s_Economic_Recovery_Advisory_Board title="President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board" class=mw-redirect>President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/White_House_Office title="White House Office">White House Office</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President</a></li></ul></div><td class=navbox-image rowspan=1 style="width:0;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href=/wiki/File:Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg class=image title="Seal of the Executive Office of the President"><img alt="Seal of the Executive Office of the President" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg/70px-Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg width=70 height=70 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg/105px-Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg/140px-Seal_Of_The_Executive_Office_Of_The_President.jpg 2x"></a></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2 style=background-color:#B0C4DE;><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><span title="View this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_Armed_Forces&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2 style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><div><ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png width=16 height=16 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/24px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/32px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x"> <a href=/wiki/Book:United_States_Military title="Book:United States Military">Book</a></li><li><img alt=Portal src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png width=16 height=14 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x"> <a href=/wiki/Portal:Military_of_the_United_States title="Portal:Military of the United States">Portal</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Army title="Portal:United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps title="Portal:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Navy title="Portal:United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Air_Force title="Portal:United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard title="Portal:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><img alt=Category src=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png width=16 height=14 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x"> <a href=/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Army title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:United_States_Public_Health_Service title="Category:United States Public Health Service">PHS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration title="Category:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_military_navbox title="Template:US military navbox" class=mw-redirect>Navbox</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Air_Force_navbox title="Template:US Air Force navbox">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Leadership<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States title=Commander-in-chief>Commander-in-chief</a>: <strong class=selflink>President of the United States</strong></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>: Committees on Armed Services:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_leaders_by_rank title="List of United States military leaders by rank">Highest ranking officers in history</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947 title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><a href=/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Structure of the United States Armed Forces">Organization</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military title="Civilian control of the military">Service departments</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><i><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army title="United States Department of the Army">Army</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a>)</li></ul><ul><li><i><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (<a href=/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Branches</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army title="United States Army">Army</a> (<a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> (<a href=/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps title="Commandant of the Marine Corps">Commandant</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy title="United States Navy">Navy</a> (<a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> (<a href=/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant</a>)</li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States title="Uniformed services of the United States">Other uniformed services</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> (<a href=/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps</a> (Director)</li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li>Reserves:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Army_National_Guard title="Army National Guard">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_National_Guard title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/State_defense_force title="State defense force">State defense forces</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Auxiliaries title=Auxiliaries>Civilian auxiliaries</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command title="Unified Combatant Command">Unified Combatant Command</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Central_Command title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_European_Command title="United States European Command">European</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command title="United States Pacific Command">Pacific</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Structure<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Code title="United States Code">United States Code</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/The_Pentagon title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li><li>Units:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States title="Category:Media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Operations and <a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States title="Military history of the United States">history</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_deployments title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States title="Military history of the United States">History</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy title="History of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_Sikh_Americans title="Military history of Sikh Americans">Sikh Americans</a></li><li>Historiography:<ul><li>A: <a href=/wiki/Military_history_detachment title="Military history detachment">1</a>/<a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History title="United States Army Center of Military History">2</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division title="United States Marine Corps History Division">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command title="Naval History & Heritage Command">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_official_war_artists title="American official war artists">Art</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program title="United States Army Art Program">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program title="United States Air Force Art Program">AF</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;>Personnel<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Training</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Recruit_training title="Recruit training">Recruit training</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School#United_States title="Officer Candidate School">Officer candidate school</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army) title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps) title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy) title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States) title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army) title="Warrant Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/The_Basic_School#Warrant_Officer_Basic_Course_.28WOBC.29 title="The Basic School">MC</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Service_academies title="United States Service academies" class=mw-redirect>Service academies</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy title="United States Military Academy">A</a> <small>(<a href=/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy title="United States Naval Academy">N</a> <small>(<a href=/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy title="United States Air Force Academy">AF</a> <small>(<a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">PHS</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior</a>/<a href=/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps#U.S._Army_ROTC title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Medical_Education_and_Training_Campus title="Medical Education and Training Campus">Medical</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/Military_uniform title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Military title="Uniforms of the United States Military" class=mw-redirect>Uniforms</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Uniforms title="United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military title="Awards and decorations of the United States military" class=mw-redirect>Awards & decorations</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Army title="Awards and decorations of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_awards_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy title="Military awards of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Public_Health_Service title="Awards and decorations of the Public Health Service">PHS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration title="Awards and decorations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States title="Identification badges of the Uniform Services of the United States">Identification</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em"><a href=/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li>Enlisted:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_rate_insignia title="United States Coast Guard enlisted rate insignia">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States) title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li><li>Officer:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps#Commissioned_officers title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">PHS</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps#Commissioned_officers title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps" class=mw-redirect>NOAA</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Other</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li>Oath:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Office</a></li></ul></li><li>Creeds & Codes:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces) title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army) title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps) title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy) title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force) title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard) title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href=/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_pay title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_Health_System title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href=/wiki/Tricare title=Tricare>TRICARE</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military) title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Army title="Equipment of the United States Army">A</a></li><li>MC:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></div><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Land</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href=/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Sea</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li><li>Ships:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a> (<a href=/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA</a></li></ul></li><li>Weapons:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Small_arms title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li><li>Aircraft:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(naval) title="List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Aircraft title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Air</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States title="List of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(1909%E2%80%931919) title="List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)" class=mw-redirect>World War I</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country#United_States_.28North_America.3B_NATO.29 title="List of missiles by country">Missiles</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC;><div style="padding:0 .75em">Other</div><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href=/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li><li><a href=/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Guidon_(United_States) title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_military_ration title="United States military ration">Food</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>:<ul><li><a href=/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2 style=background-color:#DCDCDC;><div><dl><dt>Legend<dd>A = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Army title="United States Army">Army</a><dd>MC = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a><dd>N = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy title="United States Navy">Navy</a><dd>AF = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a><dd>CG = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a><dd>PHS = <a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a><dd>NOAA = <a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><dd>MSC = <a href=/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></dl></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections title="Template:United States presidential elections"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%931789 title="United States presidential election, 1788–1789">1788–89</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1792 title="United States presidential election, 1792">1792</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1796 title="United States presidential election, 1796">1796</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800 title="United States presidential election, 1800">1800</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804 title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1808 title="United States presidential election, 1808">1808</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1812 title="United States presidential election, 1812">1812</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1816 title="United States presidential election, 1816">1816</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1820 title="United States presidential election, 1820">1820</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824 title="United States presidential election, 1824">1824</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1828 title="United States presidential election, 1828">1828</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1832 title="United States presidential election, 1832">1832</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1836 title="United States presidential election, 1836">1836</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840 title="United States presidential election, 1840">1840</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844 title="United States presidential election, 1844">1844</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848 title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852 title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856 title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860 title="United States presidential election, 1860">1860</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864 title="United States presidential election, 1864">1864</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868 title="United States presidential election, 1868">1868</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1872 title="United States presidential election, 1872">1872</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876 title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880 title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884 title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1888 title="United States presidential election, 1888">1888</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1892 title="United States presidential election, 1892">1892</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896 title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1900 title="United States presidential election, 1900">1900</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1904 title="United States presidential election, 1904">1904</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1908 title="United States presidential election, 1908">1908</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912 title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916 title="United States presidential election, 1916">1916</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1920 title="United States presidential election, 1920">1920</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1924 title="United States presidential election, 1924">1924</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928 title="United States presidential election, 1928">1928</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1932 title="United States presidential election, 1932">1932</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1936 title="United States presidential election, 1936">1936</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940 title="United States presidential election, 1940">1940</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944 title="United States presidential election, 1944">1944</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1948 title="United States presidential election, 1948">1948</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952 title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1956 title="United States presidential election, 1956">1956</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1960 title="United States presidential election, 1960">1960</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964 title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968 title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1972 title="United States presidential election, 1972">1972</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976 title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980 title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984 title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988 title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992 title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996 title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000 title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004 title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008 title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012 title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a></li><li><i><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016 title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a></i></li></ul><hr><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">Electoral vote changes</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_electoral_votes_by_US_state title="List of electoral votes by US state" class=mw-redirect>Electoral votes by state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Results by Electoral College margin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Results by popular vote margin</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Results by state</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_the_United_States_presidential_elections title="Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primaries</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating conventions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates title="United States presidential election debates">Election debates</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><td class=navbox-abovebelow colspan=2><div><dl><dt>See also<dd><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a><dd><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a><dd><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></dl></div></table></table><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=border-spacing:0><tr><td style=padding:2px><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:0 0;color:inherit"><tr><th scope=col class=navbox-title colspan=2><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class=nv-view><a href=/wiki/Template:United_States_topics title="Template:United States topics"><span title="View this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li><li class=nv-talk><a href=/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics title="Template talk:United States topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li><li class=nv-edit><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_topics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style=font-size:110%><a href=/wiki/United_States title="United States">United States</a> topics</div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States title="History of the United States">History</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history title="Colonial American military history">Colonial American military history</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Revolution title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_frontier title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federalist_Era title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/War_of_1812 title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions title="United States territorial acquisitions">Territorial acquisitions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Civil_War title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Reconstruction_Era title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Indian_Wars title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Gilded_Age title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Progressive_Era title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1896%E2%80%931954) title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_imperialism title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)#World_War_I title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">World War I</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Roaring_Twenties title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Great_Depression title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cold_War title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Korean_War title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Space_Race title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%9368) title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–68)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–68)</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Second-wave_feminism title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Vietnam_War title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%93present) title="History of the United States (1991–present)">Post-Cold War (1991–present)</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/War_on_Terror title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present) title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Iraq_War title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States#History_of_the_United_States title="Outline of the United States">By topic</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/History_of_United_States_debt-ceiling_increases title="History of United States debt-ceiling increases" class=mw-redirect>Debt Ceiling</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a><ul><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890) title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></small></li><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945) title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</a></small></li><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%9391) title="Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)">1946–1991</a></small></li><li><small style=font-size:85%><a href=/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991) title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></small></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States title="Lists of populated places in the United States">Cities, towns, and villages</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/County_(United_States) title="County (United States)">Counties</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States title="Extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States title="Mountain peaks of the United States">Peaks</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rocky_Mountains title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Park System</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Great_Plains title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Midwestern_United_States title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/New_England title="New England">New England</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Northwestern_United_States title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Northeastern_United_States title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Southwestern_United_States title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Southeastern_United_States title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Western_United_States title="Western United States">Western</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Eastern_United_States title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Northern_United_States title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Southern_United_States title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Pacific_States title="Pacific States">Pacific</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States title="List of rivers of the United States">Rivers</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Colorado_River title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Columbia_River title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mississippi_River title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Missouri_River title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Ohio_River title="Ohio River">Ohio</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Rio_Grande title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/U.S._state title="U.S. state">States</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_territory title="United States territory">Territory</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Executive<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><strong class=selflink>President</strong></b><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> / <a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Legislature<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/United_States_Congress title="United States Congress">Congress</a></b><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Senate title="United States Senate">Senate</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tem</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Judiciary<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></b></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_courts title="United States federal courts" class=mw-redirect>Federal courts</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_district_court title="United States district court">District courts</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States title="Law of the United States">Law</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Constitution title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_preemption title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States title="Civil liberties in the United States">Civil liberties</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_Reporter title="Federal Reporter">Federal Reporter</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Code title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Reports title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Security_Agency title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Air_Force title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Army title="United States Army">Army</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Navy title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps" class=mw-redirect>NOAA Corps</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Political_divisions_of_the_United_States title="Political divisions of the United States">Administrative divisions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States) title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States title="Local government in the United States">Local governments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States) title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States) title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Third_party_(United_States) title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/51st_state title="51st state">51st state</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status of Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States title="State governments of the United States">State governments</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Uncle_Sam title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></div></table></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group><a href=/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><b><a href=/wiki/Economic_issues_in_the_United_States title="Economic issues in the United States">Economic issues</a></b></li><li><a href=/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States title="List of companies of the United States">Companies</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_dollar title="United States dollar">Dollar <small style=font-size:85%>(currency)</small></a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/United_States_federal_budget title="United States federal budget">Federal Budget</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Wall_Street title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></table><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group>Society<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0;background:0 0;"><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><td colspan=2 class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=width:100%;padding:0><table cellspacing=0 class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style=border-spacing:0><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States title="Visual art of the United States">Art</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States title="Education in the United States">Education</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States title="Family structure in the United States">Family structure</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States title="Health care in the United States">Health care</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States title="Incarceration in the United States">Incarceration</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a><ul><li><a href=/wiki/American_English title="American English">American English</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States title="French language in the United States">French</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States title="German language in the United States">German</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_literature title="American literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States title="Media of the United States">Media</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Americans title=Americans>People</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_philosophy title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Theater_of_the_United_States title="Theater of the United States">Theater</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;><a href=/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_Dream title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_middle_class title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Professional_and_working_class_conflict_in_the_United_States title="Professional and working class conflict in the United States">Professional and working class conflict</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Smoking_in_the_United_States title="Smoking in the United States">Smoking</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States title="Wealth in the United States">Wealth</a></li></ul></div><tr style=height:2px><tr><th scope=row class=navbox-group style=padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;font-weight:400;>Issues<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0><div style="padding:0 .25em"><ul><li><a href=/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Anti-Americanism title=Anti-Americanism>Anti-Americanism</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States title="Federal drug policy of the United States">Drug policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li><li><a href=/wiki/American_exceptionalism title="American exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li><li><a 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href=//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9 title="رئيس الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang=ar hreflang=ar>العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href=//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27Estatos_Unitos title="President d'Estatos Unitos – Aragonese" lang=an hreflang=an>Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href=//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_prezidentl%C9%99rinin_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1 title="ABŞ prezidentlərinin siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang=az hreflang=az>Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href=//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপতি – Bengali" lang=bn hreflang=bn>বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href=//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90 title="Прэзідэнт ЗША – Belarusian" lang=be hreflang=be>Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href=//bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_kan_Estados_Unidos title="Presidente kan Estados Unidos – Bikol Central" lang=bcl hreflang=bcl>Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href=//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8 title="Президент на Съединените американски щати – Bulgarian" lang=bg hreflang=bg>Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href=//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang=bs hreflang=bs>Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href=//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidant_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet_Amerika title="Prezidant Stadoù-Unanet Amerika – Breton" lang=br hreflang=br>Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href=//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units title="President dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang=ca hreflang=ca>Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href=//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch title="Prezident Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang=cs hreflang=cs>Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href=//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_di_i_Stati_Uniti_d%27America title="Presidenti di i Stati Uniti d'America – Corsican" lang=co hreflang=co>Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href=//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlywydd_yr_Unol_Daleithiau title="Arlywydd yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang=cy hreflang=cy>Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href=//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanske_pr%C3%A6sidenter title="Amerikanske præsidenter – Danish" lang=da hreflang=da>Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href=//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_der_Vereinigten_Staaten title="Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang=de hreflang=de>Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href=//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_president title="Ameerika Ühendriikide president – Estonian" lang=et hreflang=et>Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href=//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_los_Estados_Unidos title="Presidente de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang=es hreflang=es>Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href=//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Usono title="Prezidanto de Usono – Esperanto" lang=eo hreflang=eo>Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href=//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7 title="رئیسجمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang=fa hreflang=fa>فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href=//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Sambandsr%C3%ADki_Amerika title="Forseti Sambandsríki Amerika – Faroese" lang=fo hreflang=fo>Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href=//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis title="Président des États-Unis – French" lang=fr hreflang=fr>Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href=//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidint_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten title="Presidint fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang=fy hreflang=fy>Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href=//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachtar%C3%A1n_na_St%C3%A1t_Aontaithe title="Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe – Irish" lang=ga hreflang=ga>Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href=//gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaghtyrane_ny_Steatyn_Unnaneysit title="Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit – Manx" lang=gv hreflang=gv>Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href=//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-suidhe_nan_St%C3%A0itean_Aonaichte title="Cinn-suidhe nan Stàitean Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang=gd hreflang=gd>Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href=//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica title="Presidentes dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang=gl hreflang=gl>Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href=//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9 title="미국의 대통령 – Korean" lang=ko hreflang=ko>한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href=//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang=hr hreflang=hr>Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href=//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang=ilo hreflang=ilo>Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href=//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat title="Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang=id hreflang=id>Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href=//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang=is hreflang=is>Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href=//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang=it hreflang=it>Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href=//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA title="נשיא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang=he hreflang=he>עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href=//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ – Kannada" lang=kn hreflang=kn>ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href=//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang=ka hreflang=ka>ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href=//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96 title="АҚШ президенті – Kazakh" lang=kk hreflang=kk>Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href=//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Marekani title="Rais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang=sw hreflang=sw>Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href=//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidents title="ASV prezidents – Latvian" lang=lv hreflang=lv>Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href=//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_prezidentas title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang=lt hreflang=lt>Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href=//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6ke title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke – Hungarian" lang=hu hreflang=hu>Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href=//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95 title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ പ്രസിഡണ്ടുമാരുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam" lang=ml hreflang=ml>മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href=//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7 title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष – Marathi" lang=mr hreflang=mr>मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href=//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang=xmf hreflang=xmf>მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href=//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang=ms hreflang=ms>Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href=//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Verenigde_Staten title="President van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang=nl hreflang=nl>Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href=//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98 title="アメリカ合衆国大統領 – Japanese" lang=ja hreflang=ja>日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href=//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_president title="USAs president – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang=no hreflang=no>Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href=//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_i_USA title="President i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang=nn hreflang=nn>Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href=//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_d%27s_%C3%8Atats_Unnis title="Président d's Êtats Unnis – Nouormand" lang=nrm hreflang=nrm>Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href=//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units title="President dels Estats Units – Occitan" lang=oc hreflang=oc>Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href=//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_Prezidenti title="AQSh Prezidenti – Uzbek" lang=uz hreflang=uz>Oʻzbekcha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href=//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang=pl hreflang=pl>Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href=//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang=pt hreflang=pt>Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href=//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang=ro hreflang=ro>Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href=//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90 title="Президент США – Russian" lang=ru hreflang=ru>Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href=//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_the_Unitit_States title="Preses o the Unitit States – Scots" lang=sco hreflang=sco>Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href=//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryetari_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara title="Kryetari i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang=sq hreflang=sq>Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href=//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisidenti_d%C3%AE_Stati_Uniti title="Prisidenti dî Stati Uniti – Sicilian" lang=scn hreflang=scn>Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href=//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States title="President of the United States – Simple English" lang=simple hreflang=simple>Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href=//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov title="Prezident Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang=sk hreflang=sk>Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href=//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang=sl hreflang=sl>Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href=//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0 title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang=sr hreflang=sr>Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href=//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednici_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava title="Predsjednici Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang=sh hreflang=sh>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href=//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentti title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti – Finnish" lang=fi hreflang=fi>Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href=//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_president title="USA:s president – Swedish" lang=sv hreflang=sv>Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href=//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Estados_Unidos title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang=tl hreflang=tl>Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href=//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B title="АКШ президенты – Tatar" lang=tt hreflang=tt>Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href=//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2 title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐอเมริกา – Thai" lang=th hreflang=th>ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href=//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1 title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı – Turkish" lang=tr hreflang=tr>Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href=//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90 title="Президент США – Ukrainian" lang=uk hreflang=uk>Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href=//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81 title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ – Urdu" lang=ur hreflang=ur>اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href=//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3 title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang=vi hreflang=vi>Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href=//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1 title="美國總統 – Classical Chinese" lang=zh-classical hreflang=zh-classical>文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href=//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Estados_Unidos title="Mangulo han Estados Unidos – Waray" lang=war hreflang=war>Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href=//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F title="פרעזידענט פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang=yi hreflang=yi>ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href=//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%A0r%E1%BA%B9_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0 title="Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang=yo hreflang=yo>Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href=//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1 title="美國總統 – Cantonese" lang=zh-yue hreflang=zh-yue>粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href=//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F title="美国总统 – Chinese" lang=zh hreflang=zh>中文</a></li><li class=wbc-editpage><a href=//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11696#sitelinks-wikipedia title="Edit interlanguage links">Edit links</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id=footer role=contentinfo><ul id=footer-info><li id=footer-info-lastmod>This page was last modified on 12 February 2014 at 11:38.<br></li><li id=footer-info-copyright>Text is available under the <a rel=license href=//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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