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-.LL 6.5i
-.MS T E
-\!.TL `\\n(S1``PUBMAC user's guide`
-.ME
-.MS T O
-\!.TL `PUBMAC user's guide``\\n(S1`
-.ME
-.MS B E
-\!.TL '%'''
-.ME
-.MS B O
-\!.TL '''%'
-.ME
-.SM S1 B S
-.IN 5
-.N
-.AD R
-Report no. 4
-.N
-second revision
-.N
-.AD B
-.N 10
-.CS
-.SS 14
-.BS
-PUBMAC
-.BE
-.N 1
-.US
-.SS 12
-A Set of NROFF/TROFF-Macros
-to Format Publications
-.UE
-.N 1
-User's Guide
-.N 2
-Third, revised edition
-March 1980
-.N 11
-.SS 10
-Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
-Informatics Department
-Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
-.CE
-.N 8
-.U ABSTRACT
-.N 1
-A set of NROFF/TROFF macros is presented, intended to facilitate the
-formatting of a paper for publication purposes.
-Predefined macros are supplied for the most frequent activities.
-Sectioning, section-numbering, construction
-of a table of contents and some other important
-facilities are automated.
-.S1 Introduction
-The UNIX text formatting program NROFF/TROFF
-.RS "NROFF/TROFF"
-J.F. Ossanna, NROFF/TROFF User's Manual, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill,
-New Jersey
-.RE
-allows the user to define his own commands via a macro mechanism.
-The present paper describes PUBMAC, a set of macros for a set
-of very often repeated activities encountered in the text formatting
-process for a paper to be published.
-.P
-These activities comprise e.g. the division of a paper into
-sections, the automatic generation of a table of contents, footnote
-handling etc.
-PUBMAC is intended to simplify the user-interface of NROFF/TROFF in such a way
-that it is suitable for use by personnel with little formal training
-and no special talent for informatics.
-The macro set described in this Guide is designed
-by Thijs Zoethout
-after the
-.RS PUBMAC
-H.M. Stahl, PUBMAC User's Guide, Report no.4 revised, Informatica Department,
-Nijmegen University
-.RE
-macro set written by Hans-Michael Stahl for a previous version of NROFF.
-The set was later adapted for use on a high-quality laser printer
-allowing use of the full range of
-.U troff's
-capabilities
-by E. G. Keizer.
-.N
-The construction of the macro set was influenced by the SYSPUB macro
-set developed for SCRIPT at the University of Waterloo and described
-in
-.RS "SYSP77" "."
-SYSPUB User's Guide, University of Waterloo Computing Centre,
-1977
-.RE
-.P
-However, in contrast to SCRIPT, NROFF/TROFF only allows two characters as name for commands,
-so that it is quite difficult to select mnemonic command names.
-We tried our best to make full use of the expressive power
-of two characters...
-.P
-PUBMAC can be obtained from the author.
-Prerequisites for its use are:
-.PS
-.PT
-a machine with the UNIX operating system,
-with NROFF or TROFF,
-.PT
-an output device e.g. a daisywheel printer or laser printer.
-.PE
-.S2 Invoking PUBMAC
-calling NROFF/TROFF with the option
-.B -mkun,
-e.g.
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&troff -mkun file....
-.BE
-.DE
-The reader who desires to make use of further options may consult
-[NROFF/TROFF].
-Output from the preprocessors
-.UW tbl ,
-.U eqn
-and
-.U refer
-is recognized by PUBMAC.
-.N 1
-The commands needed to print the formatted text differ between
-installations.
-.S2 PUBMAC Input
-As for NROFF/TROFF, each line of
-the input files for PUBMAC either contains text to be formatted
-or is a command line.
-A command line begins with a control
-character (under PUBMAC ".") followed by the name of a
-PUBMAC command or of a NROFF/TROFF request.
-Command lines which do not contain a known PUBMAC or NROFF/TROFF
-command are ignored without complaints.
-.S2 Form of the PUBMAC commands
-All PUBMAC commands have a name consisting of one or two capital letters
-or a capital letter followed by a digit.
-Most commands embedding some text, i.e. a start and an end command,
-have a capital
-.B S
-(for start) and a capital
-.B E
-(for end)
-as second letter to gain at least a bit of systematics.
-.P
-Some commands may have operands; these have to be enclosed
-in double quotes ("), if they contain blanks.
-The number of operands is restricted to 9, but operands can
-be grouped into one operand by enclosing them in double quotes.
-.P
-Operands may be optional; this is indicated in the description by surrounding the
-operand by square brackets (\ [\ and\ ]\ ).
-A sequence of one or more operands is indicated by
-one operand followed by ellipses, e.g
-.B title... .
-.S2 NROFF/TROFF Commands under PUBMAC
-As PUBMAC does a lot of administration, NROFF/TROFF commands changing
-global values (e.g. linelength, current indentation) nearly
-always disturb this administration.
-Therefore it is recommended not to use NROFF/TROFF commands
-if not stated otherwise.
-Also, a NROFF/TROFF command can be renamed and thus not available
-any more under the old name.
-.N
-The renamed commands are:
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l s
-l l l.
-PUBMAC NROFF/TROFF
-\&.PO .po set page offset
-\&.TL .tl define title line
-.TE 0
-.DE
-.S2 PUBMAC Output
-Input text to PUBMAC is subject to two formatting processes:
-filling and adjusting.
-Filling means that output lines are about equally filled
-within the current line length;
-it is achieved
-by taking words from input lines as long until
-a complete output line is formed.
-A word, in the context of formatting, is any text
-surrounded by blanks.
-Adjusting means that all output lines are adjusted
-to some uniformity.
-This is achieved by expanding the blank spaces between
-output words as necessary or leaving one or both margins ragged.
-.P
-Under PUBMAC normally filling and adjusting
-are switched on by default, but both may be turned off separately
-(within certain limits).
-.N 5
-.U Acknowledgement
-.N
-I wish to thank all PUBMAC users,
-for their help in finding
-errors, and their proposals for correcting them.
-.S1 Global Structure
-This section describes the basic PUBMAC commands necessary to
-divide a paper into sections, paragraphs etc.
-If you are using PUBMAC for the first
-time, you are recommended to experiment with the commands described
-herein on a small document.
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l.
-\&.RP select report layout
-\&.S1 to create first level sections
-\&.S2 to create second-level sections
-\&.S3 to create third-level sections
-\&.S4 to create fourth-level sections
-\&.AP to start an appendix
-\&.SN to set the start value for section numbers
-\&.P to start a paragraph
-\&.A to start an alinea
-\&.PS to start a list of points
-\&.PT to start a point
-\&.PE to end a list of points
-.TE 0
-.DE
-.S2 Selecting a Layout
-PUBMAC offers two kinds of layout:
-.PS
-.PT
-the
-.U report layout
-which is suited for short papers and technical notes.
-.PT
-the
-.U manual layout
-which is thought for larger publications
-.FS * .
-This PUBMAC user's guide is an example of the
-manual layout.
-.FE
-.PE
-When the manual layout is selected, the first page is reserved
-as a title page and not counted for page numbering purposes,
-no headers and footers are printed on it,
-and new sections appear on a new page.
-.A
-For the report layout no title page is reserved, thus the
-output text immediately starts on the first page.
-A new section is not forced to appear on a new page.
-.A
-The manual layout is selected by default;
-to select the report layout, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.RP
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( R e P ort).
-This command has to appear in the input text before the first
-.B .S1
-(see below).
-.S2 Sections
-PUBMAC offers commands
-to divide a paper into sections and subsections.
-Sections are numbered automatically and their
-numbers, titles and page numbers are collected for the table of contents
-which can be put out at the end of the report.
-.P
-To start a new section, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.S1 title...
-.BE
-.DE
-where
-.B title...
-is the title of the section.
-If the manual report is selected, the section will appear on a new page and the title will be
-translated to capital letters and centered.
-If the report layout is chosen, the title only will be underlined and PUBMAC
-takes care that the title and the first 6 lines of the section
-text
-will appear on the same page.
-The text of a section immediately follows the
-.B .S1
-command.
-.P
-A section may be divided further into subsections, which again
-may be divided further etc, up to the level 4:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.S2 title...
-\&.S3 title...
-\&.S4 title...
-.BE
-.DE
-All subsections will be numbered automatically and their titles
-collected for the table of contents.
-The title of second-,
-third- and fourth-level subsections will be underlined;
-to make the underlining continuous,
-blanks separating the single words of
-.B title...
-will be translated to underscores.
-PUBMAC takes care, that the title and the first 5 lines of the text
-of subsections
-will appear on the same page.
-.P
-As an example, the next section was prefixed by
-.B .S2
-.BW Appendices .
-.S2 Appendices
-To start an appendix, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.AP title...
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( AP pendix).
-This command acts like
-.B .S1
-with the exception, that appendices are numbered with capital letters instead of
-arabic numbers.
-.P
-To divide an appendix into further sections, use the
-.B .S2, .S3
-and
-.B .S4
-commands as explained above.
-.S2 Setting the Section Numbers
-Sometimes the need is felt to format a large paper not as a
-whole but in parts, especially when the final state
-of the paper has not yet been reached. Nevertheless the parts of
-the paper should contain consecutive section numbers
-and the correct page numbers.
-To achieve this, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.SN s1 [s2 [s3 [s4 [ap]]]]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( S ection
-.UW N umbers).
-The operands
-.B s1, s2, s3, s4
-determine the start value for the numbering of following sections and subsections.
-The operand
-.B ap
-serves to set the appendix number to the desired start value.
-.P
-To get the full table of contents and a complete
-bibliography list, the paper must be formatted as a whole.
-.S2 Paragraphs
-Two commands are supplied to start a new paragraph.
-They take care, that at least the first two
-lines of a paragraph are not split across a page boundary.
-.P
-To start a new paragraph, use the
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.P [count [indent]]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P aragraph)
-command. The first line of the paragraph will be indented
-by
-.B indent
-(default is 3) columns and it will be separated from the previous paragraph by
-.B count
-(default is 1) blank line(s).
-.P
-If a paragraph should not be preceded by a blank line, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.A [count [indent]]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( A linea),
-which has the same effect as
-.B .P
-except that the operand
-.B count
-has the default 0.
-.S2 Lists of Points
-It is often desired to present a number of related items
-as a list of points. The PUBMAC commands
-.B .PS, .PT
-simplify the creation of such list.
-.P
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PS [style] [indentation] [ [prefix] suffix ]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P oint
-list
-.UW S tart)
-starts a list of points.
-The text of each point is indented from the current left margin and
-preceded by a label.
-.P
-.NE 13
-The operand
-.B style
-selects the labeling style of the points following the
-.B .PS
-command.
-The following styles are available:
-.PS
-.PT a:
-the points are labeled with small letters (a,b,..aa,bb,...);
-.PT A:
-the points are labeled with capital letters (A,B,..AA,BB...);
-.PT i:
-the points are labeled with small roman numbers (i,ii,iii...);
-.PT I:
-the points are labeled with capital roman numbers (I,II,III...);
-.PT 1:
-the points are labeled with arabic numbers (1,2,3...);
-.PE
-If
-.B style
-is not any of these then each point is labeled with the operand
-.BW style .
-.A
-The default is
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PS -
-.BE
-.DE
-The operand
-.B indentation
-determines how many columns from the
-current left margin the text of the points in the list is to be
-indented.
-If this operand is not specified, the default value 3 will be used.
-All operands remain valid for all points in the list.
-.P
-If you want the label selected by
-.B .PS
-to be followed
-by an additional string, for instance for labels as
-.B 1)
-and
-.B 2),
-use
-the operand
-.BW suffix .
-It determines the string to follow
-the point-label selected by
-.BW .PS .
-The default
-.B suffix
-is the empty string "".
-The operand
-.B prefix
-determines the string to be inserted before each point label.
-.P
-To start a point in such a list, use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PT [label]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P oin T ).
-The text of the point has to follow on the next
-input lines.
-The optional operand
-.B label
-allows the replacement of the label selected
-by the
-.B .PS
-command ("-" or numbers as selected by "style")
-for a single point.
-If the text of the label is longer than the indentation selected
-by
-.B .PS,
-the text of the point in the output will appear on a new line.
-.P
-To continue the list of points, simply repeat the
-.B .PT
-command for every new point.
-.P
-A list of points is terminated by the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PE
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P oint
-list
-.UW E nd).
-The command returns to the indentation level being
-actual when the last
-.B .PS
-was encountered by PUBMAC.
-.P
-Lists of points may be nested up to a maximum level of nine.
-A
-.B .PS
-command
-inside the actual list will create a new, nested list of
-points.
-A new numbering style and indentation value
-can be selected for this nested list of points.
-To return to the previous list of points, use the
-.B .PE
-command, which also will restore the old operand values.
-After being returned to the old list, the numbering
-of further points will continue as selected when this list was started.
-.P
-To give an impression how the
-.B .PT
-command can be used, the following example is given. The input text:
-.DS B
-.BS
-\&The .PT command can be used
-\&.PS a 5 )
-\&.PT
-\&to construct a list of points which appear marked and
-\&properly indented in the output file
-\&.PT
-\&to give a summary of information related to one point of view
-\&.PT
-\&to give more detailed information
-\&for a given statement in a top-down way
-\&.PS i 4 [ ]
-\&.PT
-\&this is possible in a nested way
-\&.PT
-\&the maximum level of nesting is nine, which
-\&in general will be enough
-\&.PE 0
-\&.PT
-\&in all respects, the .PT command
-\&is very useful to construct a "structured" paper.
-\&.PE
-\&Here the normal text processing continues on the
-\&indentation level as it was before the first .PT
-\&in this section.
-.BE
-.DE
-produces the following output:
-.N 1
-The .PT command can be used
-.PS a 5 )
-.PT
-to construct a list of points which appear marked and properly
-indented in the output file
-.PT
-to give a summary of information
-related to one point of view
-.PT
-to give more detailed information
-for a given statement in a top-down
-way
-.PS i 4 [ ]
-.PT
-this is possible in a nested way
-.PT
-the maximum level of nesting is nine, which
-in general will be enough
-.PE 0
-.PT
-in all respects, the .PT command
-is very useful to construct a "structured"
-paper.
-.PE
-Here the normal text processing continues on the
-indentation level as it was before the first .PS
-in this section.
-.P
-Another application for points are lists like the
-command summary in appendix B.
-The whole summary is a list of points preceded by
-.B .PS 1 8,
-every item in the list is a point started with
-.B .PT xx,
-where
-.B xx
-is the command name.
-.S1 Local Layout
-Two groups of commands are provided to determine the
-local layout:
-commands working on lines or groups of lines
-(to create empty lines, for indenting, centering, etc),
-and commands working on words (underlining, marking etc).
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l.
-\&.N [count] Begin new line, preceded by count blank lines
-\&.BP Begin new page
-\&.IS [count] Start indentating by count columns
-\&.IE End indentation
-\&.UN Undent temporarily
-\&.CS Start centering
-\&.CE End centering
-\&.US Start underlining
-\&.UE End underlining
-\&.BS Start bold type face
-\&.BE End bold type face
-\&.NE [count] Need count lines on the current page
-\&.U word... Underline word...
-\&.CU word... Continuous underline word...
-\&.B word... Bold face word...
-.TE 0
-.DE 0
-.S2 Line Oriented Commands
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.N [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( N ewline)
-starts a new output line,
-preceded by
-.B count
-blank lines.
-If
-.B count
-is omitted, no blank lines are generated but only a new line is begun.
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.BP
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( B egin
-.UW P age)
-causes PUBMAC to put out the current page and start a new one.
-.NE 6
-.P
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.IS [left indent [right indent [count]]]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( I ndentation
-.UW S tart)
-indents the output by
-.B left indent
-(default is 3) columns at the left margin.
-Indents the output by
-.B right indent
-(default is 0) columns at the right margin,
-after generating
-.B count
-(default 0) blank lines.
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.UN
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( UN dent)
-undents the next line temporarily, and the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.IE [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( I ndentation
-.UW E nd)
-undents the text permanently and
-generates
-.B count
-(default 0) blank lines.
-.P
-Indentations can not be nested.
-All three commands act as a break, i.e. put out a partially filled line.
-.P
-To center a piece of text, use the commands
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.CS [count]
-\&.CE [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( C enter
-.UW S tart,
-.UW C enter
-.UW E nd).
-All input lines between the two commands will
-appear centered, line for line without filling, in the output.
-The operand
-.B count
-specifies the number of blank lines preceding and following the centered text
-(default 0).
-Both commands act as a break.
-For instance, the title page of this report was formatted with the
-commands
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.CS
-\&PUBMAC
-\&.N 1
-\&A Set of NROFF/TROFF-Macros
-\&to Format Publications
-\&.N 1
-\&User's Guide
-\&.N 2
-\&Third, revised edition
-\&March 1980
-\&.N 11
-\&.CE
-.BE
-.DE
-.P
-To underline a piece of text, use the commands
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.US [C]
-\&.UE
-.BE
-.DE
-The text between the two commands will appear underlined.
-If no operand is specified, only letters and digits will be underlined and
-filling will take place.
-The optional operand C stands for Continuous underline.
-In this mode all characters and spaces will be underlined,
-no filling will occur.
-.P
-To print a piece of text in boldface, use the commands
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.BS
-\&.BE
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( B old
-.UW S tart,
-.UW B old
-.UW E nd).
-The text between the two commands will appear in boldface.
-The result highly depends on the output device.
-In some cases the effect will be nil.
-.P
-Normally an input line starting with the control
-character "." or "\'" is interpreted as a command.
-To consider such lines as normal input,
-precede each of them by "\e&".
-.NE 5
-.P
-To assure that a certain piece of text is not split across a page boundary,
-use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.NE count
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( NE ed)
-which has no visible effect if there are still
-.B count
-lines left on the current output page,
-but causes a page eject if not.
-.S2 Word Oriented Commands
-The following commands all take a list of words as operands
-which are subject to a special treatment.
-None of the commands causes a break.
-.P
-To underline a sequence of words, use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.U word...
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( U nderline).
-The letters and digits in the operands
-.B word...
-will appear underlined in the output text.
-The command
-.P
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.CU word....
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( C ontinuous
-.UW U nderline)
-will underline
-.U all
-characters,
-including the separating spaces.
-.P
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.B word...
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( B old)
-will print the operands
-.B word...
-in bold face.
-The result highly depends on the output device.
-.S1 Tables, Figures and Formulas
-PUBMAC provides commands which allow the user to
-do his own formatting for figures, examples and so on.
-Another related group of commands allows the user
-to lay special stress on a piece of text.
-For these purposes, the following commands are available:
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l.
-\&.DS start a display
-\&.DS M start a marked display
-\&.DS X start a boxed display
-\&.DE end a display
-\&.DB allow breaking of following display
-.TE 0
-.DE
-A
-.U display
-is a text which should be kept together, i.e., if possible,
-should not be split across a page
-boundary, but moved as a whole to the next page
-(however, see
-.B .DB
-below).
-Provisions for several display types are made in PUBMAC.
-To start a display, use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DS [mode]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( D isplay
-.UW S tart),
-where
-.B mode
-determines the kind of display.
-To return to normal text processing, invoke the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DE [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( D isplay
-.UW E nd).
-Where the operand
-.B count
-specifies the number of blank lines following the display (default 1).
-.N
-All text between both commands is subject to the formatting chosen
-by the operands of the selected display.
-Restrictions in the use of displays are discussed below.
-.S2 Simple Displays
-To start a simple display, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DS
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( D isplay
-.UW S tart).
-PUBMAC switches to no-format mode
-i.e. input text lines are neither filled nor
-adjusted.
-The user himself has to take care for the formatting, especially that
-the input text does not exceed the current linelength.
-Other PUBMAC commands may be used inside the display to do
-the formatting.
-.S2 Marked and Boxed Displays
-To lay special stress on a display,
-e.g. to achieve more contrast between examples and running text,
-it can be
-.UW M arked
-or
-.UW bo X ed.
-Optional operands specify the distance of the boundary of the display
-from the left and right margin.
-To start this kind of display, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DS [mark] M [left-indentation]
-\&.DS [mark] X [left-indentation] [right-indentation]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( D isplay
-.UW S tart
-.UW M arked,
-.UW D isplay
-.UW S tart
-.UW bo X ed)
-The boundary of the display will be
-indented by
-.B left-indentation
-(default 3) columns from the current left margin.
-.N
-In the case of a marked display the left hand boundary of the display
-will be represented by the
-.B mark
-character on each line.
-.N
-In the case of a boxed display the whole boundary of the display will
-be indicated by the
-.B mark
-character.
-The right hand boundary of the display will by indented by
-.B right-indentation
-(default 0) columns from the right margin.
-.N
-For instance, the input text
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DS M
-\&The marked display can be used
-\&to make programming examples, formulae and similar text
-\&distinguishable from the running text.
-\&.DE
-.BE
-.DE
-produces the output
-.DS M
-.BS
-The marked display can be used
-to make programming examples, formulae and similar text
-distinguishable from the running text.
-.BE
-.DE
-.S2 Inside the display
-Inside simple and marked displays the text will be unformatted,
-that is neither filled nor adjusted.
-Inside boxed displays the text will be formatted.
-.P
-Appending
-.B I
-or
-.B Q
-operands after the before mentioned operands, allows the user
-to control the formatting of the text and specify indentation
-inside the boundary of the display.
-.N
-The possibilities are
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DS [....] I [left-indentation]
-\&.DS [....] Q [left-indentation] [right-indentation]
-.BE
-.DE
-Use of the Q operand
-.UW ( Q uoted)
-causes
-the text inside the display to be formatted.
-Use of the I operand
-.UW ( I ndent)
-causes
-the text to be unformatted.
-The default for the
-.B left-indentation
-is 3 columns.
-.N
-The default for the
-.B right-indentation
-is
-.BW left-indentation .
-.P
-As an example, the input lines
-.DS
-.BS
-\&This is the sentence preceding the quotation; to start the
-\"ation use the command ".DS Q".
-\&.DS Q 15
-\&This is the quoted material.
-\&Note that it is automatically indented from both margins.
-\&To terminate the quotation, use ".DE"
-\&.DE
-\&This is the first sentence following the quoted text.
-.BE
-.DE
-produce the following output:
-.NE 7
-This is the sentence preceding the quotation; to start the
-quotation use the command ".DS Q".
-.DS Q 15
-This is the quoted material.
-Note that it is automatically indented from both margins.
-To terminate the quotation, use ".DE"
-.DE
-This is the first sentence following the quoted text.
-.P
-The box
-.DS X 10 Q 5
-The text within the box display is subject
-to the normal PUBMAC formatting, but other PUBMAC commands
-can be used to get the desired layout.
-.CS
-Text for instance can appear
-centered
-within a box display
-.CE
-.DE
-was created with the input text:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DS X 10 Q 5
-\&The text within a box display is subject
-\&to the normal PUBMAC formatting, but other PUBMAC commands
-\&can be used to get the desired layout.
-\&.CS
-\&Text for instance can appear
-\¢ered
-\&within a box display
-\&.CE
-\&.DE
-.BE
-.DE
-.S2 Breaking up a Display
-Normally a display is moved to the next page, if there is
-not enough space left on the current page to hold it completely.
-Especially when a display is long,
-this can lead to an annoyingly large amount of white paper
-caused by the page eject.
-.NE 5
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.DB
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( D isplay
-.UW B reak
-allowed),
-.B .DS
-allows all following displays to be split if necessary.
-The same effect for one display only,
-can be obtained by appending the operand
-.B B
-to the
-.B .DS
-request.
-.S2 Restrictions with Displays
-.PS
-.PT
-As already mentioned, the user has to take care in unformatted
-displays that the length of the input lines does not exceed
-the current output line length;
-.ig
-especially in multi-column mode too long display text can lead to overprinting
-of columns.
-..
-.PT
-To prevent ugly output,
-the text of a box display should not be longer than a page.
-.PT
-It is not possible to nest displays.
-.PE
-.S2 Tables
-The program
-.B tbl
-can be used to configure complicated tables.
-A description of how to use it can be found in
-the
-.B tbl
-user's manual.
-.[
-%A M. E. Lesk
-%T T\s-2BL\s0\(emA program to format tables
-%I Bell laboratories
-%C Murray Hill, New Jersey
-.]
-PUBMAC will handle multiple page tables correctly.
-To repeat the table's heading on each page it is necessary to
-surround the heading with
-.B ".TS H
-and
-.BW .TH .
-The
-.B ".TS H
-command replaces the normal
-.B .TS
-command.
-.S2 Formulas
-The program
-.B eqn
-allows you to express formulas in a rather natural syntax.
-For more documentation about how to use
-.B eqn
-see [UPM75].
-.A
-The program
-.B eqn
-converts formula descriptions into NROFF/TROFF commands.
-Typical usage is
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&eqn file | troff
-.BE
-.DE
-where file contains both the
-.B eqn
-and PUBMAC requests.
-.P
-In PUBMAC the requests
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.EQ [I/C] [indent] [L/R number] [R/L number] [count]
-\&.EN [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( EQ uation,
-.UW E quation
-.UW e N d)
-are recognized.
-The first operand of
-.B .EQ
-can be
-.B I
-or
-.B C
-\&, C has the effect of centering the formula on the line and is
-the default, I has the
-effect of indenting the display by the value of the operand following the
-.B I
-(default 0).
-.P
-The following operands allow the formula to be numbered in one or
-both margins.
-.B L
-or
-.B R
-specify the the formula should be numbered at the Left or Right margin.
-The number to be placed in that margin should follow the
-.B L
-or
-.BW R .
-.P
-The operand
-.B count
-of
-.B .EQ
-and
-.B .EN
-specifies the amount of blank lines to be inserted at the
-before and after the
-formula.
-.S1 Page Format
-If you want to use another format than the standard format
-which is described below, you only may do this with special PUBMAC
-commands:
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l.
-\&.IN set standard indentation
-\&.PO set page offset
-\&.PN set page number
-\&.PL set page length
-\&.LL set line length
-\&.MS T define top margin titles
-\&.MS B define bottom margin titles
-\&.ME end titles
-\&.IN set default indent
-\&.AD adjust rigth margin
-\&.NA do not adjust right margin
-\&.HY switch hyphenation on
-\&.NH switch hyphenation off
-\&.HC set hyphenation indicator character
-.TE 0
-.DE
-.S2 The Standard Format
-PUBMAC uses the following standard values for the page format:
-.DS I
-the width of 3 digits for the standard indentation
-16.02 cm of text per line
-pages of 29.7 cm
-25.7 cm of text per page, including the margin titles
-2 cm of blank on top of page
-the page offset is 0
-bottom title of page is "-- % --"
- where % is the current page number in arabic numerals
-adjust both margins, fill output lines
-hyphenation enabled
-.DE
-.S2 Setting the Page Offset
-If you want to have a larger
-blank margin on the left hand side of your paper (e.g. for binding
-purposes),
-use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PO offset
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P age
-.UW O ffset).
-The output will be moved as a whole by
-.B offset
-columns to the right.
-This command should precede all input text.
-The default offset is zero, i.e. printing starts at the leftmost
-position of the output device.
-.NE 10
-.S2 Changing the Page Format
-To change the length of the page, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PL paperlength [textlength [top offset]]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P age
-.UW L ength).
-The operand
-.B paperlength
-determines the physical length of the page (the number of lines
-which fit on one sheet of paper);
-the operand
-.B textlength
-determines the number of lines used by PUBMAC (excluding top and bottom margin)
-for text output.
-If
-.B textlength
-is not specified it is defaulted to
-.BW 26.03cm .
-The default value for
-.B paperlength
-is 29.7cm, which is
-the right value A4 paper.
-.A
-The offset of the text from the top of the paper is given by the operand
-.B top offset
-(default is 1.8cm).
-The sum of
-.B textlength
-and
-.B "top offset"
-must be smaller then or equal to
-.BW paperlength .
-.A
-This command must precede all other input text, as it is not
-possible to change the page length during the text processing.
-.P
-To change the linelength, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.LL length [footnote length]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( L ine
-.UW L ength).
-The default line length 16.02cm.
-The default footnote line length is 10/11 of the line length.
-.S2 Head and Foot Titles
-To define a head title, to appear at the start of each page, or to change
-the standard foot title ("\-\-~%~\-\-") at the bottom of each page,
-the commands
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l.
-\&.MS T define Top Margin titles
-\&.MS B define Bottom Margin titles
-\&.ME Title End
-.TE 0
-.DE
-are supplied.
-As with NROFF/TROFF, the current page number is represented by "%" in the
-.B .TL
-request.
-.P
-To define a head title, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.MS T [E/O] [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( M argin
-.UW T op text).
-The first optional operand allows the definition of different
-titles for even and odd numbered pages;
-specify
-.B E
-for titles to appear on even numbered, and
-.B O
-for titles to appear on odd numbered pages.
-If the second operand is omitted, the title defined will
-appear on all pages, regardless whether the page number
-is even or odd.
-The operand
-.B count
-specifies the number of blank lines between the top margin text
-and the start of further text
-(default 2).
-.A
-The text defining the head title
-follows on the next input lines. If you want to enter PUBMAC
-commands into the title which have to be executed each time the
-head title is processed (e.g.
-.B .TL
-commands), precede the command lines with the character
-sequence "\e!".
-Commands that affect the general layout,
-like
-.BW .SS
-and
-.BW .IN ,
-should be used with care.
-In general it is wise to reset the altered environment to its
-original state at the end of the title definition.
-.P
-To terminate the title definition, use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.ME
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( M argin
-text
-.UW E nd).
-.P
-Equivalent to head titles, foot titles can be defined. Use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.MS B [E/O] [count]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( M argin
-.UW B ottom
-text) to start the input of the foot title. Use
-the command
-.B .ME
-to terminate the foot title definition, too.
-.P
-The foot titles of this manual, for instance, have been
-defined by:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.MS B E
-\&\e!.TL \'%\'\'\'
-\&.ME
-\&.MS B O
-\&\e!.TL \'\'\'%\'
-\&.ME
-.BE
-.DE
-This example also shows the usage of the escape sequence
-"\e!",
-which prevents both
-.B .TL
-commands from being executed during the definition
-of the titles, and causes them to be executed every time a new page
-is processed.
-This is essential to get the current page number
-and not the page number being actual when the title is defined.
-.NE 4
-.P
-To delete the standard foot title, simply define an empty foot title:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.MS B 0
-\&.ME
-.BE
-.DE
-.S2 Setting the Standard Indentation
-The value used for indenting paragraphs, after section start,
-indented and quoted displays, and for the command
-.B .IS,
-by default is set to 3.
-This value can be changed by invoking the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.IN [indent]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( IN dentation).
-After this command, further sections, paragraphs etc. are indented by
-the number of columns specified by
-.BW indent .
-If no indentation at all is desired, specify
-.B 0
-as operand.
-.B Indent
-has as default value 3.
-.S2 "Page Number"
-Sometimes a paper is formatted in parts.
-The number of the first page of a certain part will not
-always be 1.
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.PN number [style]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( P age
-.UW N umber)
-allows you to use a different start value for page numbers.
-The
-.B style
-operand
-can have one of the values: a, A, i, I and 1.
-These letters have the same meaning as for the
-.B style
-operand of the
-.B .PS
-request.
-The new number ( and format ) becomes valid at the next printed page,
-or at the first page if given before any text.
-.S2 Adjusting
-As already has been mentioned, the default mode for formatting
-is filling and adjusting.
-.A
-Adjusting can be switched off
-by the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.NA
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( N o
-.UW A djust).
-All text following will not be aligned to a uniform right margin,
-until a
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.AD [type]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( AD just)
-is encountered, which switches on adjusting again.
-The operand
-.B type
-can be one of the following,
-.PS i 5
-.PT "~~R"
-Right adjusted: uniform right margin, ragged left margin
-.PT "~~L"
-Left adjusted: uniform left margin, ragged right margin
-.PT "~~C"
-Centered: both margins ragged by the same amount
-.PT "~~B"
-Both adjusted (default): uniform left and right margin
-.PE
-.S2 Hyphenation
-Hyphenation can be switched off globally by using the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.NH
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( N o
-.UW H yphenation).
-.NE 6
-.N
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.HY
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( HY phenation)
-enables hyphenation again.
-.P
-A second possibility is to use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.HC character
-.BE
-.DE
-(set
-.UW H yphenation
-.UW C haracter),
-which determines the operand
-.B character
-to be the indicator character for hyphenation.
-I.e. a word will be hyphenated
-at the points indicated by this character.
-The character itself will not appear in the
-output, even if the word is not hyphenated.
-Example:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.HC `
-\& .....
-\& ... Algo`rithmus ...
-.BE
-.DE
-This occurence of
-.B Algorithmus
-will now, if necessary, be hyphenated as
-.BS
-Algo-rithmus.
-.BE
-.A
-To prevent a word to be hyphenated at all,
-it has to be preceded by the hyphenation indicator character, e.g.
-.BW `Algorithmus .
-.S1 Footnotes, Table of Contents, Bibliography
-PUBMAC provides commands for the creation of
-footnotes, a table of contents and a list of bibliograpy.
-.P
-The following commands are available:
-.DS I
-.TS 0
-l l.
-\&.FS start a footnote
-\&.FN start numbered footnote
-\&.FE end a footnote
-\&.CT put out the table of contents
-\&.RS start a bibliography reference
-\&.RF start a reference
-\&.RE end a bibliography reference
-\&.RT give list of bibliography
-.TE 0
-.DE
-.S2 Footnotes
-Three commands are provided to create a footnote.
-Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page where they are
-defined; if the remaining place on the page is too small
-for the text of a footnote it will be shifted to the bottom of the next page.
-.P
-To start a footnote text, use the PUBMAC command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.FS [prefix] indicator [ suffix ]
-\&.FN [prefix] [suffix]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( F ootnote
-.UW S tart,
-.UW F ootnote
-start
-.UW N umbered).
-.B indicator
-allows to identify the footnote:
-it will appear in the output text at the place where
-.B .FS
-was encountered in the input text, and it will appear at the start
-of the footnote text.
-.P
-The
-.B .FN
-request has as default indicator a number.
-This number is automaticaly incremented at each occurence of a
-.B .FN
-request.
-The footnote counter is reset to one for each new section, when
-in manual mode.
-.A
-The operand
-.B suffix
-is meant for the special case that
-a full stop, comma, semicolon etc. immediately has to follow
-the footnote indicator in the output text (otherwise the special
-character and the indicator would be separated by a blank, or even worse,
-by a newline).
-The operand
-.B prefix
-serves a similar purpose.
-.A
-If only two of the three operands are specified, the last is
-interpreted as the prefix.
-.P
-To end the text of a footnote, the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.FE
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( F ootnote
-.UW E nd)
-is used. If the footnote is referenced in the middle of a sentence,
-the rest of the sentence has to follow the
-.B .FE
-on the next line.
-.NE 5
-.P
-As an example
-.FS (*) ,
-this is an example of a footnote
-.FE
-the footnote at the bottom of this page was created by the following
-input lines:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&As an example
-\&.FS (*) ,
-\&this is an example of a footnote
-\&.FE
-\&the footnote at the .....
-.BE
-.DE
-This example also shows the usage of the operand
-.B suffix
-of the
-.B .FS
-command, you see that the indicator "(*)"
-is followed by "," immediately without a separating space.
-.S2 Table of Contents
-As mentioned above, all titles of sections are saved for a table
-of contents.
-To put out the table of contents,
-at the end of the input text invoke the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.CT
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( C ontents
-.UW T able).
-The table of contents collected up to now is put out and then deleted.
-No headers or new page commands are generated.
-This gives one the flexibility to put out the table of contents
-for example at
-the end of each chapter on a separate page or at the end of the
-text in an appendix.
-To have the pages on which the table of contents is printed, numbered
-with roman numbers starting
-with "i", use the command
-.B .PN 1 i
-before the
-.B .CT
-command.
-The table of contents can then be inserted
-before the front page of your paper instead of at the end.
-In report mode the table of contents is also entered in the table of contents.
-.S2 Bibliography
-Besides supporting the
-.U refer
-utility PUBMAC provides
-commands to collect literature references and
-to print them at the desired place.
-.A
-To generate an entry in the bibliography and to refer to it, use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.RS [prefix] refname [suffix]
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( R eference
-.UW S tart).
-The text following this command is saved for the bibliography.
-Similar to the operands of the footnote command ,
-.B refname
-is placed in the running output text and at the start of the
-bibliography entry.
-.B refname
-will be enclosed in square brackets
-(\ [ and\ ]\ ).
-.B suffix
-and
-.B prefix
-have the same meaning as with the footnote command.
-PUBMAC commands for formatting the bibliography text have to be escaped
-by "\e!", as the layout of the bibliography is determined
-when the
-.B .RT
-command is invoked.
-.P
-.NE 8
-If you want to create an entry without referring to it
-in the text explicitely, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.RF refname
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( R e F erence
-start).
-The result is the same as with
-.B .RS,
-but
-.B refname
-will not appear in the running text.
-.P
-To terminate a bibliography entry, use the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.RE
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( R eference
-entry
-.UW E nd),
-which will switch back to normal text
-processing.
-.P
-To put out the collected bibliography, invoke the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.RT
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( R eference
-.UW T able).
-The bibliography collected up to now is put out and then deleted,
-so that it is possible to start a new bibliography.
-In this way, bibliographies can be made either per section
-or for the whole paper.
-The bibliography is put out in the format being chosen the
-point at which the
-.B .RT
-command is invoked.
-.S2 Using refer
-The program
-.B refer
-can be used to add references to articles mentioned in a
-systemwide database, a private database or in the text.
-It places an indicator in the text and the reference in a footnote
-on the same page.
-If the
-.I \-e
-option of
-.B refer
-is used the references will appear at the appropiate place.
-The
-collected references have to be surrounded by appropiate
-PUBMAC commands.
-.S2 Indeces
-Commands are provided to collect index words accompanied by the number
-of the page they occur.
-Another command causes the list of collected index words to be printed
-on NROFF/TROFF's error output.
-.A
-To add an index entry to the list use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.IX index-word ...
-\&.IW [prefix] index-word [suffix]
-\&.IR index-word ...
-.BE
-.DE
-The arguments of the
-.B .IX
-.UW ( I nde\c
-.UW X )
-and
-.B .IW
-.UW ( I ndex
-.UW W ord)
-commands appear in the running text,
-as opposed to
-.B .IR
-.UW ( I ndex
-.UW R ference)
-whose arguments only appear in the index list.
-.B Suffix
-and
-.B prefix
-have the same meaning as with the footnote command.
-.A 1
-The collected references can be produced
-on NROFF/TROFF's error output with the command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.IT
-.BE
-.DE
-.UW ( I ndex
-.UW T able).
-By redirecting the error output of NROFF/TROFF
-one can save this list for further processing.
-.DS I
-.BS
-troff -mkun files .... 2>indeces
-awk -f .... indeces | troff -mkun
-.BE
-.DE
-.A
-The index entries are produced on one line each with the index words
-enclosed in square brackets and
-inmediatly followed by the appropiate page number.
-An example:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-[indeces]\n%
-.BE
-.DE
-.S1 Special Considerations
-This section discusses
-the use of the tabulator, special characters and some other special
-facilities in PUBMAC.
-.S2 Tabulator
-The tabulator stops in PUBMAC are set to
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-9,17,25,33,....
-.BE
-.DE
-by default.
-To set the tabulator positions to your needs, use
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.ta pos...
-.BE
-.DE
-(set
-.UW TA bulator),
-which will set the tabulator stops to the
-positions indicated by
-.B pos...
-If pubmac is used in conjuction with
-.B tbl
-the tab stops will be heavily used by tbl and thereby rendered
-almost unusable outside the tables.
-.S2 Special characters
-.SP
-The character
-"~"
-is replaced by the unpaddable space character,
-which permits tying two or more words together so that
-they will neither be moved apart nor split across two lines.
-For example, if you want the words
-"integral number denotation" not to be separated by more
-than one blank, enter them as
-.BW integral~number~denotation .
-.P
-The command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&.SP [character]
-.BE
-.DE
-allows you to use any other character as indicator for the unpaddable space.
-If you specify no operand, you will have no single character to
-indicate a unpaddable space.
-.SP ~
-.P
-Since the backslash character "\e" is used heavily by NROFF/TROFF as escape
-character,
-it has to be written twice if one wants to see it back in the output.
-As the text of displays is processed several times,
-even a doubled backslash will be lost.
-Therefore a backslash in a display should be entered
-either eight or a higher power of 2 times (which is a nuisance) or as "\ee".
-.S2 Halfline Motions
-NROFF/TROFF, thus also PUBMAC, provides the
-possibility for half line motions, e.g. for formatting
-mathematical formulas.
-The sequence
-.B \ed
-moves down half a line, and the sequence
-.B \eu
-moves up half a line.
-The output
-.N 1
- (i\d1\u - i\d2\u)\u2\d
-.N 1
-was produced with the input
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-(i\ed1\eu - i\ed2\eu)\eu2\ed
-.BE
-.DE
-Usage of
-.B \ed
-and
-.B \eu
-can result in messy output on devices
-not capable of performing half line motions; messy output
-also will result if not the same number of "ups" and "downs" is
-used.
-.P
-Typically lineprinters and display terminals can not perform half line
-motions, whereas the HyPrint devices are capable of doing so.
-.P
-See also the section describing the use of
-.B eqn
-with PUBMAC.
-.S2 The Actual Section Number
-The actual section numbers are stored in registers named
-.B Sn,
-where
-.B n
-stands for any of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
-If you want to refer to it, access it in the input text through
-.B \en(Sn,
-which will be replaced in the output text by the current section
-number of the corresponding section depth.
-For example if you wish to insert the number of the current chapter
-use
-.BW \en(S1 .
-The register named S5 is used for the numbering of appendices.
-.A
-To use it in a page title definition, two backslashes have to be written:
-.BW \e\en(Sn .
-The first line of the page header of
-this manual, for instance, has been produced by entering the
-command
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&\e!.TL \'PUBMAC users guide\'\'\e\en(S1\'
-.BE
-.DE
-when defining the head title with the commands
-.B .MS T
-and
-.B .ME
-(see previous chapter).
-.SM AP A
-.AP "Error messages"
-Besides error messages issued by NROFF/TROFF,
-messages from PUBMAC may be written to the users terminal
-(Unix error output file 2).
-The messages have the following form:
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-Error (p=.., l=..): message
-.BE
-.DE
-.B message
-gives information about the kind of error encountered.
-The location of the error is described between the parentheses
-in the order
-.DS I
-p = page number
-l = line number on the page
-.DE
-Additionally, errors are marked by three plus signs (\(pl\(pl\(pl) or a \(lh
-.DS I 6
-.BS
-\&\(lh Error
-.BE
-.DE
-appearing on the right margin of the output text.
-Since many errors are detected much too late,
-the actual error is always located before the location stated.
-.LL
-.AP "Command Summary"
-In the summary, the following abbreviations are used for operands:
-.VS 0.8 0.2
-.PS - 6
-.PT n
-denotes a number (e.g. '1', '5', '231')
-.PT c
-denotes a single character (e.g. 'i', 'F', 'O')
-.PT w
-denotes a word (e.g. 'NROFF', 'pubmac')
-.PT w...
-denotes a sequence of 1 or more words
-(e.g. 'Table of Contents')
-.PE
-.VS
-.N 4
-.PS 1 14
-.PT Command
-Explanation
-.PT .A [n]
-.B Alinea.
-.N
-First line of alinea will be indented.
-.N
-The alinea will be preceded by n (default 0) blank lines.
-.PT .AD [c]
-.B Adjust mode.
-.N
-Left, Right, Centered or Both.
-.NE 3+1
-.PT ".AP w..."
-.B Appendix.
-.N
-Same as .S1.
-.NE 6+1
-.PT ".B w..."
-.B Boldface.
-.N
-Write the words given as operands w... in
-bold face letters (this is done in a output device dependant way).
-.PT .BE
-.B Bold end.
-.N
-End of bolt text.
-.PT .BP
-.B Begin page.
-.PT ".BS"
-.B Bold start.
-.N
-All following text is printed in bold face up to .BE.
-.N
-The way bold face is printed depends on the output device.
-.NE 10
-.PT .CE
-.B Centering end.
-.N
-The centered text will be followed by n blank lines.
-.NE 3
-.PT .CS
-.B Centering start.
-.N
-Following input lines up to .CE will be centered.
-.N
-The centered text will be preceded by n blank lines.
-.NE 10+1
-.PT ".CT"
-.B Table of contents.
-.N
-All titles collected from previous .S1, .S2, .S3, .S4 and .AP commands
-are put out.
-.PT ".CU w..."
-.B Continuous underline.
-.N
-Like .U only all characters are underlined.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT .DB
-.B Display break.
-.N
-Allow the following displays to be broken
-up, if necessary.
-.PT .DE [n]
-.B Display end.
-.N
-The display will be followed by n (default 1) blank lines.
-.NE 6+1
-.PT ".DS "
-.B Display.
-.N
-A display is text
-which is kept together and not spread over a page boundary.
-.N
-The operands determine the kind of display.
-The first few operands are:
-.N
-.PS - 4
-.PT B
-.B box display
-.N
-the text between .DS B and .DE
-will be surrounded by a box, the text will be formatted and adjusted
-.PT M
-.B marked display
-.N
-the text will be marked by |
-on the left hand side, not adjusted and not filled
-.PT no
-.N 1
-not adjusted, not filled
-.PE
-These operands can be followed by:
-.PS - 4
-.PT I
-.B indented display
-.N
-not adjusted, not filled
-.PT Q
-.B quoted display
-.N
-indented from both margins,
-adjusted and filled
-.PE
-.PT .FE
-.B Footnote end.
-.NE 3
-.PT ".FN [[w2] w1]"
-.B Numbered footnote start
-.N
-As with .FS, but the indicator is defaulted to a number in parenthesis.
-.NE 17+1
-.PT ".FS [w3] w1 [w2]"
-.B Footnote start.
-.N
-The footnote will be moved to the bottom of the page.
-Operands: w1=indicator, w2=suffix and w3=prefix.
-The indicator (w1) appears in the output text and
-at the start of the footnote text as well to identify the footnote.
-Prefix and suffix are for the special case that the indicator
-has to be preceded or followed by e.g. comma, full stop etc.
-The running text will contain w3w1w2.
-.NE 10+1
-.PT ".HC c"
-.B Hyphenation character.
-.N
-The hyphenation control character is set to c.
-It can be imbedded in words to indicate where they should be
-hyphenated. If it precedes a word, this word will not be
-hyphenated. The hyphenation character itself will not appear in
-the output.
-.PT .HY
-.B Hyphenation.
-.PT .IE
-.B Indentation end.
-.N
-Return to the indentation level before the last .IS.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT ".IN n"
-.B Set Indentation.
-.N
-The indentation used for paragraphs, section start etc
-is set to n.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT .IR w...
-.B Index Reference
-add the words to the index list, do not
-insert them in the running text.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT .IS [n]
-.B Indentation start.
-.N
-Indent following text by n (default three) columns until
-a .IE is encountered.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT .IT
-.B Index Table
-Produce the index table on file descriptor 2.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT .IW [w3] w1 [w2]
-.B Index word
-Insert w1, w2 and w3 in the running text as with
-.B .FS
-and add w1 to the index list.
-.NE 4
-.PT IX w...
-.B Index
-Insert the words in the running text and the index list.
-.NE 5+1
-.PT ".LL n"
-.B Linelength.
-.N
-The line length is set to n.
-The default line length is 66.
-Must occur before any input text.
-.NE 6+1
-.PT .ME
-.B Margin input end
-.NE 13+1
-.PT ".MS c1 c2"
-.B Title input start.
-.N
-Operands: c1=T for T title, c1=B for bottom title,
-c2=E for even pages, c2=O for odd pages.
-The text between .MS and .ME will appear
-as top and bottom margin text on each page.
-Defaults: no top margin text, bottom margin text= ".TL \'\'-- % --\'\'".
-Attention: NROFF/TROFF commands to be executed every time
-(e.g. .TL \'\'-%-\'\')
-a title is processed, have to be preceded by "\e!".
-.PT ".N [n]"
-.B New line.
-.N
-The new line will be preceded by n (default 0) blank lines.
-.PT .NA
-.B No adjust mode.
-.N
-The right margin will be ragged.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT ".NE n"
-.B Need lines.
-.N
-If no n lines are left on the current page, a new page is begun.
-.PT .NH
-.B No hyphenation.
-.NE 5+1
-.PT ".P [n]"
-.B Paragraph.
-.N
-The paragraph is separated from the preceding text
-by n (default 1) blank lines and its first line is indented.
-.PT .PE [n]
-.B End list of points.
-.NE 5+1
-.N
-The list will be followed by n (default 1) blank lines.
-.NE 9+1
-.PT ".PL n m"
-.B Set pagelength.
-.N
-The first operand determines the physical length of the
-page, the second one the number of lines printed per physical page.
-The default value for n is 66, for m 59.
-Must occur before any input text.
-.PT ".PN n c"
-.B Page number.
-.N
-The firts operand specifies the number of the next printed page.
-The second operand specifies the format of the page number when printed.
-(see .PS, but only a,A,i,I and 1).
-.PT ".PO [n] "
-.B Set page offset.
-.N
-The left margin is moved n columns to the
-right.
-.NE 12+1
-.PT ".PS [c [n]] [[w2] w1]"
-.B List of points start.
-.N
-Operands:
-c=numbering style, n=indentation of points (default=3).
-If c=- or empty, points are labeled with "-", if c=1
-numbering of points will be arabic, if c=a with small letters,
-if c=A with capital letters, if c=i with small roman numbers, if c=I
-with capital roman numbers.
-w1 is a suffix that will follow each point, w2 is a point prefix.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT ".PT w... "
-.B Point.
-.N
-The operands w... replace the label chosen by .PS
-for this point only.
-.NE 4+1
-.NE 2
-.PT .RE
-.B Reference entry end
-.N
-To close the text of the reference entry started by .RF or .RS.
-.NE 12+1
-.PT ".RF [w3] w1 [w2]"
-.B Reference.
-.N
-Operands: w1=reference abbreviation,
-w2=suffix, w3=prefix.(see .FS)
-The reference abbreviation is embedded in square brackets
-and inserted to the output text and to the start of the reference
-entry as well for identification purposes.
-References are collected to be put out
-with .RT.
-.PT .RP
-.B Report layout.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT ".RS w"
-.B Reference start.
-.N
-Same as .RF, but the reference w will not appear in the running output
-text.
-.NE 7+1
-.PT .RT
-.B Give bibliography.
-.N
-Via .RF and .RS collected bibliography is put out and then deleted.
-.PT ".S1 w..."
-.B Section.
-.N
-t is the section title, also saved for the table of contents.
-Sections and subsections (see below) are numbered automatically.
-.NE 5+1
-.PT ".S2 w..."
-.B Subsection.
-.N
-The title will be saved for the table of contents, as for
-the following commands .S3 and .S4
-.PT ".S3 w..."
-.B Subsubsection.
-.PT ".S4 w..."
-.B Subsubsubsection.
-.NE 6+1
-.PT ".SN n n n n n"
-.B Section numbers.
-.N
-The first, second, third and fourth operands
-set the start values for section numbers, subsection numbers and so on.
-The last operands sets the start value for the appendix number.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT ".ta n..."
-.B Set tabulator.
-.N
-The tabulator stops are set to the positions n...
-given in the operand list.
-Usage conflicts with use of
-.B tbl.
-.NE 4+1
-.PT ".TL x"
-.B Title.
-.N
-To define a three part title; x is of the
-form \'left\'center\'right\'.
-.PT ".U w..."
-.B Underline.
-.N
-The words given as operands w... are underlined.
-.PT .UE
-.B Underlining end.
-.PT .UN
-.B Undent temporarily.
-.PT ".US [c]"
-.B "Underlining start"
-.N
-All following text up to .UE is underlined.
-Operand: c=C then the input text is non-filled and continuously underlined,
-normaly only letters and digits are underlined.
-.PE
-.AP Bibliography
-.N 2
-.RT
-.PN 1 A
-.MS T E
-\!.TL ```PUBMAC user's guide`
-.ME
-.MS T O
-\!.TL `PUBMAC user's guide```
-.ME
-.BP
-.N 0.5
-.CS
-Table of Contents
-.CE
-.N 1.5
-.CT
+++ /dev/null
-.\" $Header$
-.\" PUBMAC
-.\"
-.\" MACROES FOR FORMATTING TEXT
-.\"
-.\" Th.A. Zoethout
-.\"
-.\" GENERAL PAGE CONTROL MACROES
-.\"
-.de SS \" SET POINT SIZES
-.\" .SS [ $1 [$2] ]
-. \" $1 = point size { 10 }
-. \" $2 = footnote point size { $1-2 }
-.ps 10
-.if \\n(.$>0 .ps \\$1 \" for troff
-.nr SS \\n(.s
-.ev 1
-.ie \\n(.$>1 .ps \\$2
-.el .ps \\n(SS-2
-.nr Sf \\n(.s
-.ps \\n(SS
-.ev
-.\\*(Ld
-.\\*(Vs
-..
-.\"
-.de TP \" SET NUMBER OF FREE PAGES
-.\" .TP [$1]
-. \" $1 = number of free pages { 1 }
-. \" initially one free page
-.nr TP 1
-.if \\n(.$>0 .if \\$1>=0 .nr TP \\$1
-.if \\n(nl<0 .Pn
-.rm TP
-..
-.de PL \" SET VERTICAL SIZES
-.\" .PL [ $1 [ $2 [$3] ] ]
-. \" $1 = paper size { A4 }
-. \" $2 = text size { 27.38c }
-. \" $3 = offset from top of paper { 1.35c }
-. \" constraints: $2+$3 <= $1
-.\" The distance from the foot margin to the bottom of the
-.\" paper (\n(Bd) is implicit { \n(.p - \n(Td - \n(Pl }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .pl \\$1
-.el .pl 29.73c
-.ie \\n(.$>1 .nr Pl \\$2v
-.el .nr Pl 27.38c
-.if \\n(Pl>\\n(.p .Er F ".PL: page size(\\n(Pl) > paper size(\\n(.p)
-.ie \\n(.$>2 .nr Td \\$3v
-.el .nr Td 1.35c
-.nr Bd \\n(.p-\\n(Td-\\n(Pl
-.if \\n(Bd<=0 \
-. Er F ".PL: top offset(\\n(Td) + page size(\\n(Pl) > paper size(\\n(.p)
-.nr Tm \\n(Tdu+\\n(Ttu+\\n(Tsu
-.nr Bm \\n(Bsu+\\n(Btu+\\n(Bdu
-.ch Bm \\n(.pu-\\n(Bmu
-.if \\n(Fl>0 .Fp
-.rr Pl
-..
-.de LL \" SET HORIZONTAL SIZES
-.\" .LL [ $1 [$2] ]
-. \" $1 = line length { 6.5i }
-. \" $2 = footnote line length { $1*10/11 }
-.ll 16.02c
-.if \\n(.$>0 .ll \\$1
-.lt \\n(.lu
-.nr LL \\n(.l
-.ev 1
-.ll \\n(LLu
-.lt \\n(LLu
-.ev
-.ie \\n(.$>1 .nr Lf \\$2m
-.el .nr Lf \\n(LLu*10/11
-..
-.\" \" PAGE SIZES
-.\" Default is 11 inch, 6.5 inch line length
-.\" The .An macros set to European standard sizes.
-.\" LL PL TL Of
-.\" A0 74.09 118.92 108.92 5
-.\" A1 51.46 84.09 78.09 4
-.\" A2 35.045 59.46 52.46 3.5
-.\" A3 23.73 42.045 36.045 3
-.\" A4 16.02 29.73 27.38 1.35
-.\" A5 11.60 21.022 18.33 1.20
-.\" All sizes in cm.
-.\" The .An macros have one parameter. An optional -.
-.\" If this is used the page size is not altered, to allow
-.\" for example printing A5 pages on A4 paper.
-.\"
-.de A0 \" SET PAGE SIZE TO A0
-.\" .A0 [ - ]
-.if !\\n(.$ .pl 118.92c
-.PL \\n(.pu 108.92c 5c
-.LL 74.09c
-..
-.de A1 \" SET PAGE SIZE TO A1
-.\" .A1 [ - ]
-.if !\\n(.$ .pl 84.09c
-.PL \\n(.pu 78.09c 4c
-.LL 51.45c
-..
-.de A2 \" SET PAGE SIZE TO A2
-.\" .A2 [ - ]
-.if !\\n(.$ .pl 59.46c
-.PL \\n(.pu 52.46c 3.5c
-.LL 35.045c
-..
-.de A3 \" SET PAGE SIZE TO A3
-.\" .A3 [ - ]
-.if !\\n(.$ .pl 42.045c
-.PL \\n(.pu 36.045c 3c
-.LL 23.73c
-..
-.de A4 \" SET PAGE SIZE TO A4
-.\" .A4 [ - ]
-.if !\\n(.$ .pl 29.73c
-.PL \\n(.pu 27.38c 1.35c
-.LL 16.02c
-..
-.de A5 \" SET PAGE SIZE TO A5
-.\" .A5 [ - ]
-.if !\\n(.$ .pl 21.022c
-.PL \\n(.pu 19c 0.9c
-.LL 12c
-..
-.\"de PO \" PAGE OFFSET
-.\" .PO [$1]
-. \" $1 = page offset in characters { 1 }
-.\"ie \\n(.$>0 .po \\$1m
-.\"el .po 1m
-.rn po PO
-.\".
-.\"
-.\" MARGIN TEXT CONTROL
-.\"
-.de MT \" MARGIN TEXT SETTINGS
-.\" .MT $1 [$2] [$3]
-. \" $1 = Top or Bottom
-. \" $2 = Even[Odd], All { no title }
-. \" $3 = Vertical spacing to/from text { 2 }
-.ds Mc N
-.if \&\\$1\&T\& .ds Mc T
-.if \&\\$1\&B\& .ds Mc B
-.if \&\\*(Mc\&N\& .Er W ".MT: unknown margin type. T assumed
-.nr MT 2
-.if \&\\*(Mc\&N\& .nr MT 1
-.if \&\\*(Mc\&N\& .ds Mc T
-.nr \\*(Mcc 0
-.if \&\\$2\&E\& .nr \\*(Mcc 1
-.if \&\\$2\&O\& .nr \\*(Mcc 1
-.if \&\\$2\&A\& .nr \\*(Mcc 2
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=0 .nr \\*(Mct 0v
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc>0 .nr MT +1
-.nr \\*(Mcs 2v
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=0 .nr \\*(Mcs 0
-.if \\n(MT<=\\n(.$ .nr \\*(Mcs \\$\\n(MTv
-.rr MT
-.rm Mc
-..
-.de MS \" SET MARGIN TEXT FOR TOP OR BOTTOM OF PAGE
-.\" .MS $1 [ $2 [$3] ]
-. \" $1 = Top or Bottom
-. \" $2 = Even pages, Odd pages, All pages { A }
-. \" $3 = vertical spacing to/from text { 2 }
-.ds Mc N
-.if \&\\$1\&T\& .ds Mc T
-.if \&\\$1\&B\& .ds Mc B
-.if \&\\*(Mc\&N\& .Er W ".MS: unknown margin type. T assumed
-.nr MS 2
-.if \&\\*(Mc\&N\& .nr MS 1
-.if \&\\*(Mc\&N\& .ds Mc T
-.nr \\*(Mcc 0
-.if \&\\$\\n(MS\&E\& .nr \\*(Mcc 1
-.if \&\\$\\n(MS\&O\& .nr \\*(Mcc 3
-.if \&\\$\\n(MS\&A\& .nr \\*(Mcc 2
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc>0 .nr MS +1
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=0 .nr \\*(Mcc 2
-.nr \\*(Mcs 2v
-.if \\n(MS<=\\n(.$ .nr \\*(Mcs \\$\\n(MSv
-.ev 2
-.ll \\n(LLu
-.lt \\n(LLu
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=1 .di \\*(Mce
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=2 .di \\*(Mct
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=3 .di \\*(Mco
-.if \\n(\\*(Mcc=3 .nr \\*(Mcc 1
-..
-.de ME \" END SPECIFICATION OF TOP/BOTTOM MARGIN TITLE
-.\" .ME
-.ie \\n(MS=0 .Er W ".ME: no matching .MS
-.el \{\
-.br
-.di
-.cu 0
-.ev
-.nr \\*(Mct \\n(dn
-.nr Tm \\n(Tdu+\\n(Ttu+\\n(Tsu
-.nr Bm \\n(Bsu+\\n(Btu+\\n(Bdu
-.ch Bm \\n(.pu-\\n(Bmu
-.if \\n(Fl>0 .Fp
-.if \\n(Tmu+\\n(Bmu>=\\n(.pu \
-. Er F "top margin size + bottom margin size >= paper size
-.rm Mc
-.nr MS 0
-.if (\\n(nl>=(\\n(.pu-\\n(Bmu))&(\\n(Mi=0) .Bm \}
-..
-.de PN \" SET FIRST PAGE NUMBER
-.\" .PN [ $1 [$2] ]
-. \" $1 = number of first page { 1 }
-. \" $2 = pagenumber format { 1 }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .nr PN \\$1
-.el .nr PN 1
-.ie \\n(.$>1 .ds Pa \\$2
-.el .ds Pa 1
-.if \\n(nl<0 .Pn
-..
-.de Pn \" set page number
-.if \\n(TP=0 .if \\n(PN>0 \{\
-.pn \\n(PN
-.af % \\*(Pa
-.rm Pa
-.nr PN 0 \}
-..
-.\"
-.\" GLOBAL SIZE CONTROL
-.\"
-.de VS \" SET DEFAULT VERTICAL SPACING
-.\" .VS [$1 [$2] ]
-. \" $1 = default vertical spacing { 0.8v }
-. \" $2 = default vertical spacing in PS { 0.7v }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .nr VS \\$1v
-.el .nr VS 0.8v
-.ie \\n(.$>1 .nr VP \\$2v
-.el .nr VP 0.7v
-.ds $0 VS
-.At "\\$1" "\\$2"
-.rn $0 Vs
-..
-.de LD \" SET LINE DISTANCE
-.\" .LD [$1]
-. \" $1 = default line distance { SS+2 points }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .vs \\$1
-.el .vs \\n(SS+2
-.ev 1
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .vs \\$1
-.el .vs \\n(Sf+2
-.ev
-.ds $0 LD
-.At "\\$1" "\\$2"
-.rn $0 Ld
-..
-.de ND \" SET DEFAULT VERTICAL NEED
-.\" .ND [$1]
-. \" $1 = default need { 2 }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .nr ND \\$1
-.el .nr ND 2
-..
-.de IN \" SET DEFAULT INDENTATION
-.\" .IN [$1]
-. \" $1 = default indent { 3 }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .nr IN \\$1n
-.el .nr IN 3n
-..
-.\"
-.\" TEXT PROCESSING MODES
-.\"
-.de AD \" SET ADJUSTMENT
-.\" .AD [$1]
-. \" $1 = adjustment type L R C B { previous }
-.if \&\\$1\&L\& .ad l
-.if \&\\$1\&R\& .ad r
-.if \&\\$1\&C\& .ad c
-.if \&\\$1\&B\& .ad b
-.if \&\\$1\&\& .ad
-.ev 1
-.if \&\\$1\&L\& .ad l
-.if \&\\$1\&R\& .ad r
-.if \&\\$1\&C\& .ad c
-.if \&\\$1\&B\& .ad b
-.if \&\\$1\&\& .ad
-.ev
-..
-.de NA \" NO ADJUSTMENT
-.\" .NA
-. \" .NA = .AD L
-.na
-.ev 1
-.na
-.ev
-..
-.de NS \" NO SPACING
-.\" .NS
-. \" cancel first default vertical spacing.
-.nr NS 1
-..
-.de HY \" HYPHENATION ON
-.\" .HY
-.hy 7
-.ev 1
-.hy 7
-.ev
-..
-.de NH \" NO HYPHENATION
-.\" .NH
-.nh
-.ev 1
-.nh
-.ev
-..
-.de HC \" SET HYPHENATION CHARACTER
-.\" .HC [$1]
-. \" $1 = hyphenation character { \% }
-.ie \\n(.$>0 \{\
-.ds Hc \\$1
-.hc \\$1
-.ev 1
-.hc \\$1
-.ev \}
-.el \{\
-.ds Hc \%
-.hc
-.ev 1
-.hc
-.ev \}
-..
-.\"
-.\" LOCAL SIZE CONTROL
-.\"
-.de BP \" BEGIN PAGE
-.rs
-.sp 50c
-.ns
-..
-.de N \" NEW LINE
-.\" .N [$1]
-. \" $1 = preceeding vertical spacing { 0 }
-. \" needs \n(ND+$1 lines on the page
-.ti \\n(.iu
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .sp \\$1
-.el .br
-.ne \\n(ND
-.rs
-..
-.de A \" NEW ALINEA
-.\" .A [ $1 [$2] ]
-. \" $1 = preceeding vertical spacing { 0 }
-. \" $2 = indent of first text line { \n(IN }
-. \" needs \n(ND+\$1 lines on the page
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .sp \\$1
-.el .br
-.ne \\n(ND
-.ie \\n(.$=2 .ti +\\$2
-.el .ti +\\n(INu
-.rs
-..
-.de P \" NEW PARAGRAPH
-.\" .P [ $1 [$2] ]
-. \" $1 = preceeding vertical spacing { 1 }
-. \" $2 = indent of first line { \n(IN }
-. \" .P $1 $2 = .A $1 $2
-. \" needs \n(ND+\$1 lines on the page
-.if \\n(.$=0 .A 0.8v
-.if \\n(.$=1 .A \\$1
-.if \\n(.$=2 .A \\$1 \\$2
-..
-.de NE \" NEED LINES
-.\" .NE [$1]
-. \" $1 = number of lines needed on page { \n(ND }
-.br
-.ie \\n(.$=0 .ne \\n(NDv
-.el .ne \\$1v
-.rs
-..
-.\" DATES
-.\"
-.de TA \" SET TAB POSITIONS
-.\" .TA [ $1 ... ]
-. \" $1 ... = tab positions { 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 }
-.if \\n(.$=0 .ta 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73
-.if \\n(.$>0 .ta \\$1 \\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 \\$8 \\$9
-..
-.de NC \" SET NO-BREAK CONTROL CHARACTER
-.\" .NC [ $1 ]
-. \" $1 = no-break control character
-.ie \\n(.$>0 .ds Nc \\$1
-.el .ds Nc \a
-.ev 0
-.c2 \\*(Nc
-.ev
-.ev 1
-.c2 \\*(Nc
-.ev
-.ev 2
-.c2 \\*(Nc
-.ev
-..
-.de SP \" SET UNPADDABLE SPACE CHARACTER
-.\" .SP [$1]
-. \" $1 = unpaddable space character { none }
-. \" initially set to ~
-.\\*(Sp
-.if \\n(.$>0 .ds Sp "tr \\$1
-.if \\n(.$>0 .\\*(Sp
-.if \\n(.$>0 .as Sp "\\$1
-..
-.de IS \" INDENTATION START
-.\" .IS [ $1 [ $2 [$3] ] ]
-. \" $1 = indent from left margin { \n(IN }
-. \" $2 = indent from right margin { 0 }
-. \" $3 = preceeding vertical spacing { 0 }
-.ie \\n(IS>0 .Er W ".IS: nesting not allowed
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public / ack.git / commitdiff